Prenatal Care Practice Questions

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. The placenta is usually located in the upper uterine segment. 2. The placenta is usually located in the lower uterine segment. 3. The placenta is usually located in the fundus. 4. The placenta is usually located in the anterior uterine wall. Which one of the statements given above are correct ?

1 and 3 only. ***1 and 3 only*** - The placenta typically implants in the **upper uterine segment** and often extends to the **fundus**, providing a robust blood supply and optimal conditions for fetal growth. - An implantation in the **upper uterine segment** or **fundus** ensures that as the uterus grows, the placenta moves away from the cervix, reducing the risk of placenta previa. *1, 3 and 4* - While the placenta can be located in the **anterior uterine wall**, this is not a universal characteristic as it can also be posterior, lateral, or even fundal. - The core locations for healthy placental implantation are the **upper uterine segment** and **fundus**, which are accurately captured in statements 1 and 3. *1, 2 and 3* - The statement that the placenta is usually located in the **lower uterine segment** (statement 2) is incorrect; this location is associated with **placenta previa**, a complication [1]. - Healthy placental implantation avoids the **lower uterine segment** to prevent issues during labour and delivery. *2 and 3 only* - This option incorrectly states that the placenta is usually located in the **lower uterine segment** (statement 2), which is generally considered abnormal. - While location in the **fundus** (statement 3) is correct, combining it with an incorrect primary location makes this option invalid.

Q: During pregnancy, vaccination can be given against all these diseases except :

Mumps. ***Mumps*** - The **mumps vaccine** is a **live attenuated vaccine**, meaning it contains a weakened form of the virus. - Live attenuated vaccines are generally **contraindicated in pregnancy** due to the theoretical risk of transmitting the vaccine virus to the fetus. *Hepatitis A* - The **Hepatitis A vaccine** is an **inactivated (killed) vaccine**. - Inactivated vaccines are generally considered **safe during pregnancy** if there's a significant risk of exposure. *Tetanus* - The **tetanus toxoid vaccine (Tdap)** is recommended during every pregnancy to protect the newborn from **pertussis (whooping cough)** and provide maternal protection against tetanus. - It is an **inactivated vaccine** and is very safe for both mother and fetus. *Hepatitis B* - The **Hepatitis B vaccine** is a **recombinant vaccine**, meaning it's made from a component of the virus. - It is considered **safe in pregnancy** and is recommended for pregnant women at risk of acquiring hepatitis B.

Q: Which of the following haematological parameters does not undergo a physiological increase during normal pregnancy?

Platelet count. ***Platelet count*** - The **platelet count** typically **decreases** or remains stable during normal pregnancy due to hemodilution and increased consumption. - A significant increase in platelet count can be indicative of **pathological conditions** rather than a physiological adaptation. *Blood volume* - **Blood volume** physiologically **increases** during pregnancy by approximately 30-50% to meet the metabolic demands of the fetus and placenta. - This expansion primarily involves an increase in **plasma volume**, contributing to physiological anemia. *Red cell volume* - The **red cell volume** also **increases** during pregnancy, though usually to a lesser extent (around 18-30%) than plasma volume. - This increase is due to elevated **erythropoietin levels** stimulating red blood cell production, helping to increase oxygen-carrying capacity. *Leukocyte count* - The **leukocyte (white blood cell) count** physiologically **increases** during pregnancy, particularly neutrophils, often peaking in the third trimester. - This mild leukocytosis is a normal response to the physiological stress of pregnancy and is not indicative of infection.

Q: In the quadruple test conducted as a part of screening, which is the most likely indicator of maternal-fetal placental unit?

Unconjugated estriol (uE3). ***Unconjugated estriol (uE3)*** - **Unconjugated estriol (uE3)** is the **classic marker of the intact maternal-fetal-placental unit** in the quadruple test - Its production requires coordinated function of **all three components**: - **Fetal adrenal glands** produce DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) - **Fetal liver** converts DHEA-S to 16-OH-DHEA-S - **Placenta** converts 16-OH-DHEA-S to estriol - This unique biosynthetic pathway makes **uE3 the most specific indicator** of integrated maternal-fetal-placental unit function - Low uE3 levels can indicate fetal adrenal hypoplasia, placental sulfatase deficiency, or compromised fetal well-being *Inhibin-A* - **Inhibin-A** is a glycoprotein produced primarily by the **placenta** during pregnancy and is part of the quadruple test - While it reflects placental function, it is produced **only by the placenta**, not requiring fetal organ participation - Elevated Inhibin-A is associated with increased risk of Down syndrome and adverse pregnancy outcomes - It does **not** represent the integrated maternal-fetal-placental unit as comprehensively as uE3 *PAPP-A* - **PAPP-A** (Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A) is a placental protein measured in **first trimester screening** (combined test with free β-hCG and nuchal translucency) - It is **not part of the quadruple test**, which is a **second trimester** screening panel - Low PAPP-A in first trimester is associated with chromosomal abnormalities and adverse pregnancy outcomes *Acetylcholinesterase* - **Acetylcholinesterase** is measured in **amniotic fluid**, not maternal serum - It is used as a confirmatory marker for **open neural tube defects (ONTDs)** and ventral wall defects - It is **not part of the quadruple test** and does not indicate overall maternal-fetal-placental unit function - The quadruple test uses **AFP, uE3, hCG, and Inhibin-A** measured in maternal serum

Q: The maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration is elevated in the following conditions except

Foetal osteogenesis imperfecta. ***Foetal osteogenesis imperfecta*** - **Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP)** levels are typically **normal** in cases of fetal osteogenesis imperfecta. - This condition involves **bone fragility and defective collagen synthesis** but does not cause exposure of fetal tissue or increased AFP production. - There is **no mechanism** for AFP leakage into maternal circulation, so MSAFP remains normal. *Foetal neural tube defect* - **Neural tube defects (NTDs)**, such as anencephaly or open spina bifida, cause direct **exposure of fetal neural tissue** to amniotic fluid. - This leads to leakage of **alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)** from the fetal bloodstream into the amniotic fluid and maternal circulation, resulting in **elevated MSAFP**. - This is the most common indication for MSAFP screening. *Multiple gestation* - In pregnancies with **multiple fetuses** (twins, triplets), the total amount of AFP produced by multiple placentas and fetuses is increased. - This naturally leads to **elevated MSAFP** levels compared to singleton pregnancy, even when all fetuses are healthy. - MSAFP values must be adjusted for number of fetuses. *Gestational trophoblastic disease* - Conditions like **complete hydatidiform mole** involve abnormal placental tissue **without a viable fetus**. - Since there is **no fetus to produce AFP**, MSAFP levels are typically **very low or undetectable**. - However, this option asks about conditions with **elevated** MSAFP, and GTD causes low levels, making it technically also an exception. - The **best answer** remains **fetal osteogenesis imperfecta** as the classic structural anomaly that does not elevate MSAFP, whereas GTD is distinguished by absence of a fetus entirely.

Q: While making a pelvic assessment in a gravid woman, the obstetrician can measure with examining finger the following diameter:

Diagonal conjugate. ***Diagonal conjugate*** - This is the only pelvic inlet diameter that can be directly measured clinically by the **examining finger**. - It extends from the **lower border of the pubic symphysis** to the **sacral promontory**. *True conjugate* - The true conjugate extends from the **upper border of the pubic symphysis** to the sacral promontory and cannot be directly measured due to the bladder. - It is an **estimated measurement**, usually derived by subtracting 1.5 to 2 cm from the diagonal conjugate. *Diameter of pelvic inlet* - This is a general term referring to various diameters of the pelvic inlet, some of which are not clinically measurable. - While one of its components, the diagonal conjugate, is measurable, the phrase "diameter of pelvic inlet" is too broad, and specific diameters are not directly accessible. *Obstetric conjugate* - This diameter is taken from the **innermost aspect of the pubic symphysis** to the sacral promontory, representing the shortest anteroposterior diameter the fetal head must pass. - Like the true conjugate, it cannot be directly measured clinically and is also estimated from the diagonal conjugate (approximately 0.5 cm less than the true conjugate).

Q: The daily requirement of calcium during normal pregnancy is

1000 mg. ***1000 mg*** - This is the daily calcium requirement for **pregnant women aged 19 years and above** according to **ACOG** and many international guidelines. - Some guidelines, including **ICMR (2020)**, recommend **1200 mg/day** for all pregnant women, making both 1000-1200 mg acceptable ranges. - Adequate calcium intake supports **fetal skeletal development** and helps prevent complications such as **gestational hypertension** and **preeclampsia**. - This answer is accepted as the standard recommendation for normal pregnancy in most textbooks. *500 mg* - This amount is the recommended daily intake for **pre-school children**, not pregnant women. - Grossly insufficient during pregnancy, as the **fetus requires approximately 200-300 mg/day** for skeletal development, primarily drawn from maternal calcium stores. - Would lead to **maternal bone demineralization** and increased risk of pregnancy complications. *2000 mg* - This represents the **tolerable upper intake level (UL)** for calcium during pregnancy. - While not harmful in most cases, this higher dose is **unnecessarily excessive** for routine supplementation. - May cause side effects including **constipation, kidney stones**, and interference with absorption of other minerals like iron and zinc. *250 mg* - This is **significantly below the requirement** for both pregnant and non-pregnant adults (who need ~600-800 mg/day). - Such severe deficiency would result in **mobilization of maternal bone calcium** to meet fetal demands. - Would increase risk of **osteoporosis, pre-eclampsia**, and impaired fetal bone development.

Q: During a normal pregnancy, the changes occurring in the urinary tract include the following except

Hypertonicity of the ureteric smooth muscle. ***Hypertonicity of the ureteric smooth muscle*** - Ureteric smooth muscle actually exhibits **reduced tone** and **hypoactivity** during pregnancy due to the relaxing effects of **progesterone**. - This **hypoactivity** contributes to ureteral dilatation and urinary stasis, making **hypertonicity** an incorrect statement. *Dilatation of the ureters* - **Progesterone** causes relaxation of smooth muscle throughout the body, including the ureters, leading to their **dilatation** and hydronephrosis. - Mechanical compression of the ureters by the gravid uterus, especially the right ureter, also contributes to this dilatation. *Elevation and thickening of the trigone* - The increased vascularity and hormonal influences during pregnancy cause the bladder trigone to become **edematous and elevated**. - This anatomical change can make the trigone more prominent during cystoscopic examination. *Increase in the Glomerular filtration rate* - Renal blood flow and GFR **increase by 30-50%** during pregnancy, primarily due to increased cardiac output and renal vasodilation. - This physiological adaptation is crucial for excreting fetal and maternal waste products.

Q: Serum AFP (alpha fetoprotein) levels are increased at 16 weeks of pregnancy in all the following conditions, except

Down's syndrome. ***Down's syndrome*** - This condition is associated with **decreased** levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP), not increased. - Decreased MSAFP, along with elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and unconjugated estriol, forms part of the **triple screen** for Down's syndrome. *Gastroschisis* - **Gastroschisis** involves a defect in the abdominal wall allowing fetal intestines to float freely in the amniotic fluid. - This direct exposure of fetal blood vessels in the bowel to amniotic fluid leads to a significant leakage of **AFP**, resulting in markedly elevated maternal serum levels. *Multiple pregnancies* - In **multiple gestations** (e.g., twins or triplets), there are multiple fetuses producing AFP. - The combined production of AFP from all fetuses leads to a proportionally **higher total MSAFP** level, which is a normal finding for such pregnancies. *Neural tube defects* - **Neural tube defects** (NTDs) like anencephaly or spina bifida result from incomplete closure of the neural tube. - This allows **fetal CSF** and neural tissue to leak into the amniotic fluid, leading to significantly elevated levels of AFP in both amniotic fluid and maternal serum.

Q: A pregnant woman presents at 28 weeks of gestation with haemoglobin level of 7 gm%; and peripheral smear reveals it to be of microcytic hypochromic type. What would be the correct option of therapy?

Injectable iron therapy. ***Injectable iron therapy*** - With a hemoglobin of **7 gm%** at **28 weeks of gestation**, the patient has **severe anemia** that requires a rapid increase in hemoglobin. - **Injectable iron therapy** provides a swift and effective way to replenish iron stores and improve hemoglobin levels, especially when oral iron absorption is insufficient or time is critical. *Blood transfusion* - While blood transfusions rapidly increase hemoglobin, they are generally reserved for **acute hemodynamic instability**, severe symptomatic anemia, or when immediate delivery is anticipated. - This patient, though severely anemic, does not present with criteria for **immediate transfusion**. *Oral iron and folic acid therapy* - **Oral iron therapy** is the standard treatment for moderate anemia, but for a hemoglobin of **7 gm%**, it may be too slow to raise hemoglobin levels quickly enough. - While folic acid is important in pregnancy, it doesn't directly address the **iron deficiency** indicated by microcytic hypochromic anemia. *Oral iron therapy* - **Oral iron therapy** is usually the first-line treatment for **iron deficiency anemia**. - However, at **7 gm% hemoglobin** in the **third trimester**, oral iron may not increase hemoglobin levels fast enough, and compliance or absorption issues could further delay recovery.

Question 1

Consider the following statements:
1. The placenta is usually located in the upper uterine segment.
2. The placenta is usually located in the lower uterine segment.
3. The placenta is usually located in the fundus.
4. The placenta is usually located in the anterior uterine wall.

Which one of the statements given above are correct ?

Accepted Answer

1 and 3 only

Answer

1, 3 and 4

Answer

1, 2 and 3

Answer

2 and 3 only

Question 2

During pregnancy, vaccination can be given against all these diseases except :

Accepted Answer

Mumps

Answer

Hepatitis A

Answer

Tetanus

Answer

Hepatitis B

Question 3

Which of the following haematological parameters does not undergo a physiological increase during normal pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Platelet count

Answer

Blood volume

Answer

Red cell volume

Answer

Leukocyte count

Question 4

In the quadruple test conducted as a part of screening, which is the most likely indicator of maternal-fetal placental unit?

Accepted Answer

Unconjugated estriol (uE3)

Answer

PAPP-A

Answer

Inhibin-A

Answer

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 5

The maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration is elevated in the following conditions except

Accepted Answer

Foetal osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer

Foetal neural tube defect

Answer

Multiple gestation

Answer

Gestational trophoblastic disease

Question 6

While making a pelvic assessment in a gravid woman, the obstetrician can measure with examining finger the following diameter:

Accepted Answer

Diagonal conjugate

Answer

True conjugate

Answer

Diameter of pelvic inlet

Answer

Obstetric conjugate

Question 7

The daily requirement of calcium during normal pregnancy is

Accepted Answer

1000 mg

Answer

500 mg

Answer

2000 mg

Answer

250 mg

Question 8

During a normal pregnancy, the changes occurring in the urinary tract include the following except

Accepted Answer

Hypertonicity of the ureteric smooth muscle

Answer

Dilatation of the ureters

Answer

Elevation and thickening of the trigone

Answer

Increase in the Glomerular filtration rate

Question 9

Serum AFP (alpha fetoprotein) levels are increased at 16 weeks of pregnancy in all the following conditions, except

Accepted Answer

Down's syndrome

Answer

gastroschisis

Answer

multiple pregnancies

Answer

neural tube defects

Question 10

A pregnant woman presents at 28 weeks of gestation with haemoglobin level of 7 gm%; and peripheral smear reveals it to be of microcytic hypochromic type. What would be the correct option of therapy?

Accepted Answer

Injectable iron therapy

Answer

Blood transfusion

Answer

Oral iron and folic acid therapy

Answer

Oral iron therapy

Prenatal Care — MCQs

Prenatal Care — MCQs

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