NEET-PG 2013

1544 Questions — Page 132 of 155

Pharmacology

1 questions

Q1311

All are symptoms of morphine withdrawal except?

Psychiatry

8 questions

Q1311

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for drug dependence?

Q1312

Which of the following can cause delirium?

Q1313

Visual hallucinations are typically seen in all of the following conditions except?

Q1314

Waxy flexibility is a feature of ?

Q1315

Which type of delusion is primarily associated with Cotard's syndrome?

Q1316

Which of the following statements about hallucinations is true?

Q1317

Who coined the term 'psychiatry'?

Q1318

Psychoanalysis was started by?

NEET-PG 2013 - Psychiatry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 1311: Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for drug dependence?

A. Taking substance in larger amounts than intended
B. Tolerance
C. Withdrawal symptoms
D. Early completion of tasks (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Early completion of tasks*** - This is not a recognized diagnostic criterion for **drug dependence (substance use disorder)** according to standardized diagnostic manuals like the DSM-5. - While it might reflect an individual's productivity or efficiency, it has no direct link to the compulsive drug-seeking and use behaviors characteristic of dependence. *Tolerance* - **Tolerance** is a core criterion, defined as a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect, or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance. - This indicates a physiological adaptation to the presence of the drug. *Withdrawal symptoms* - **Withdrawal symptoms** refer to the characteristic physiological and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops or reduces their use of a substance after prolonged or heavy use. - The presence of a withdrawal syndrome or taking the substance (or a closely related one) to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms is a key diagnostic indicator. *Taking substance in larger amounts than intended* - This criterion reflects the **impaired control** over substance use, where the individual uses the substance more often or in larger quantities than they initially intended. - It demonstrates a loss of conscious regulation over drug intake, which is a hallmark of substance dependence.

Question 1312: Which of the following can cause delirium?

A. Hypoxia
B. Barbiturates
C. Alcohol withdrawal
D. All of the options (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***All of the options*** - **Delirium** is an acute, fluctuating disturbance in attention and cognition, often with altered consciousness, and can be caused by a wide range of factors. - **Hypoxia**, **barbiturate** use, and **alcohol withdrawal** are all well-established causes of delirium. *Hypoxia* - **Cerebral hypoxia**, or insufficient oxygen supply to the brain, directly impairs neuronal function, leading to acute confusion and altered mental status characteristic of delirium. - Conditions like severe respiratory failure, heart failure, or anemia can precipitate hypoxia and subsequent delirium. *Barbiturates* - **Barbiturates** are central nervous system depressants that can cause sedation, confusion, and cognitive impairment, especially in overdose or in susceptible individuals. - While they typically induce sedation, paradoxical excitement or severe cognitive dysfunction consistent with delirium can occur. *Alcohol withdrawal* - **Alcohol withdrawal** can lead to a severe form of delirium known as *delirium tremens*, characterized by extreme confusion, hallucinations, tremors, and autonomic instability. - The rapid cessation of chronic alcohol intake disrupts neurochemical balance, leading to hyperexcitability and delirium.

Question 1313: Visual hallucinations are typically seen in all of the following conditions except?

A. Schizophrenia
B. Alcohol withdrawal
C. Delirium
D. Depression (Correct Answer)

Explanation: **Depression** - While other forms of hallucinations can occur in severe depression with psychotic features (e.g., auditory), **visual hallucinations are rare**. - **Mood-congruent delusions** are more common in psychotic depression than visual hallucinations. *Delirium* - **Visual hallucinations** are a hallmark symptom of delirium, often described as polymorphic and vivid. - They are typically accompanied by **fluctuating consciousness** and cognitive impairment. *Schizophrenia* - Although **auditory hallucinations** are more common, visual hallucinations can occur in schizophrenia, particularly in advanced or severe cases. - These hallucinations are often well-formed, frequent, and can be **persecutory** or **bizarre** in nature. *Alcohol withdrawal* - **Alcohol withdrawal delirium** (delirium tremens) is characterized by prominent **visual hallucinations**, tactile hallucinations, and autonomic instability. - These hallucinations can be terrifying and are due to **CNS hyperexcitability**.

Question 1314: Waxy flexibility is a feature of ?

A. Catatonia (Correct Answer)
B. Echolalia
C. Stereotypy
D. Mannerisms

Explanation: ***Catatonia*** - **Waxy flexibility** (or catalepsy) is a classic symptom of **catatonia**, where an individual's limbs can be **placed in any position by the examiner and remain in that position for an extended period**, as if molded from wax. - It reflects a severe psychomotor disturbance, often seen in conditions like **schizophrenia** or **mood disorders** with catatonic features. *Echolalia* - **Echolalia** refers to the **involuntary repetition of another person's spoken words**, typically without understanding. - It is a symptom of thought disorder or communication difficulties, not a state of motor rigidity. *Stereotypy* - **Stereotypy** involves **repetitive, seemingly purposeless movements or utterances** (e.g., body rocking, hand flapping). - While repetitive, it does not involve maintaining a fixed posture imposed by another, as seen in waxy flexibility. *Mannerisms* - **Mannerisms** are **habitual, idiosyncratic gestures or behaviors** that may appear odd but are often voluntary and goal-directed (e.g., an exaggerated bow before speaking). - They are distinct from the involuntary, often rigid, posturing characteristic of waxy flexibility.

Question 1315: Which type of delusion is primarily associated with Cotard's syndrome?

A. Persecutory delusions
B. Religious delusions
C. Nihilistic delusions (Correct Answer)
D. Hypochondriacal delusions

Explanation: ***Nihilistic delusions*** - **Cotard's syndrome** is characterized by beliefs of **non-existence**, such as the patient being dead, not existing, or having lost their organs, which are typical of **nihilistic delusions**. - These delusions can also extend to the belief that the world or parts of it no longer exist. *Persecutory delusions* - These involve the belief that one is being **harassed, tricked, spied upon, or conspired against**, which is not the primary feature of Cotard's syndrome. - While they can co-occur with other psychiatric conditions, **persecutory themes** are distinct from the non-existence themes of Cotard's. *Religious delusions* - These delusions focus on **religious or spiritual themes**, such as believing one is a prophet or has a special relationship with a deity. - They are not a core component of Cotard's syndrome, which centers on themes of **death and non-existence**. *Hypochondriacal delusions* - These involve a preoccupation with the belief that one has a **serious, undiagnosed medical condition**, despite medical reassurance. - While Cotard's syndrome can involve bodily concerns, the belief in **non-existence of organs** or death goes beyond typical hypochondriacal fears of illness.

Question 1316: Which of the following statements about hallucinations is true?

A. There is misinterpretation of external stimulus
B. Can be controlled by voluntary effort
C. Perceived as real but without an external stimulus (Correct Answer)
D. Always indicates severe mental illness

Explanation: ***Perceived as real but without an external stimulus*** - Hallucinations are defined by the perception of sensory experiences (e.g., seeing, hearing, feeling) that **feel real to the individual** but have **no corresponding external stimulus**. - This fundamental characteristic distinguishes them from other perceptual distortions like illusions. *There is misinterpretation of external stimulus* - This describes an **illusion**, where an actual external stimulus is misinterpreted (e.g., seeing a coat in the dark and believing it's a person). - Hallucinations occur in the **absence of any external stimulus**, making this statement incorrect for defining hallucinations. *Can be controlled by voluntary effort* - Hallucinations, being involuntary sensory experiences, are generally **not amenable to conscious control** or suppression by the individual experiencing them. - The lack of voluntary control is a key feature distinguishing them from imagination or fantasy. *Always indicates severe mental illness* - While often associated with severe mental illnesses like **schizophrenia**, hallucinations can also occur due to various other causes, including **substance intoxication or withdrawal**, neurological conditions (e.g., delirium, Parkinson's disease), or even during periods of extreme fatigue or stress. - Therefore, stating they *always* indicate severe mental illness is inaccurate.

Question 1317: Who coined the term 'psychiatry'?

A. Moral
B. Bleuler
C. Pinel
D. Johann Reil (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Johann Reil*** - The term "**psychiatry**" (Psychiatrie) was coined by the German physician **Johann Christian Reil** in **1808**. - Reil introduced the term in his work to advocate for a more **humane and medical approach** to mental illness, moving away from purely custodial care. *Moral* - While Reil's efforts were part of a broader movement towards **moral treatment** of the mentally ill, "moral" itself is not the specific context in which the term was coined. - **Moral treatment** emphasized humane care, occupational therapy, and a therapeutic environment, contributing to the development of psychiatry but not coining the word. *Bleuler* - **Eugen Bleuler** is known for coining the term "**schizophrenia**" in the early 20th century. - He significantly contributed to the understanding of psychotic disorders but did not coin the broader term "psychiatry." *Pinel* - **Philippe Pinel** was a French physician who was an instrumental figure in the **humanitarian reform** of mental asylum care in the late 18th century. - He is famous for **unshackling patients** at Bicêtre and Salpêtrière asylums, but he did not coin the term "psychiatry."

Question 1318: Psychoanalysis was started by?

A. Eugen Bleuler
B. Sigmund Freud (Correct Answer)
C. Carl Jung
D. Erik Erikson

Explanation: ***Sigmund Freud*** - **Sigmund Freud** is widely recognized as the founder of **psychoanalysis**. - He developed theories on the **unconscious mind**, **psychosexual development**, and the use of techniques like **free association** and dream analysis. *Eugen Bleuler* - **Eugen Bleuler** was a Swiss psychiatrist who coined the term "**schizophrenia**." - While influential in psychiatry, his work was primarily focused on **descriptive psychopathology**, not the founding of psychoanalysis. *Carl Jung* - **Carl Jung** was a student of Freud who later diverged to develop his own school of thought called **analytical psychology**. - His contributions include concepts like the **collective unconscious**, archetypes, and psychological types. *Erik Erikson* - **Erik Erikson** was a developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory of **psychosocial development**. - He expanded on Freud's work by focusing on the influence of social factors and the **lifespan stages** on personality development.

Radiology

1 questions

Q1311

Which imaging modality is most effective in differentiating between epidermoid cyst and arachnoid cyst?