Cell injury — MCQs

A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency room with an acute myocardial infarction. Twenty-four hours after admission to the cardiac intensive care unit, he develops oliguria. Laboratory tests show that his serum BUN is 59 mg/dL and his serum creatinine is 6.2 mg/dL. Renal biopsy reveals necrosis of the proximal tubules and thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Which of the following would you most likely observe on a microscopic examination of this patient's urine?

A 52-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of an ongoing cough. He reports that the cough started 1 year ago after a "bad cold" and then never resolved. He feels the cough is getting worse, sometimes the cough is dry, but often the cough will bring up a clear to white mucus, especially in the morning. The patient has hypertension and peripheral artery disease. He takes aspirin and lisinopril. He started smoking at age 16, and now smokes 2 packs of cigarettes a day. He has 1-2 beers a couple nights of the week with dinner. He denies illicit drug use. Which of the following cell types within the lung is most likely to undergo metaplasia caused by smoking?

A 39-year-old male presents with muscle weakness in his upper and lower extremities. The patient has also noticed some trouble with swallowing. On physical exam, signs of hyperreflexia, spasticity, fasciculations, and muscle atrophy are present in an asymmetric fashion. Tongue fasciculations are also present. No sensory loss is noted. The patient does not report any abnormality with his bowel or bladder function. What will most likely be found on muscle biopsy?

A 49-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with bloody stool and malaise. She developed a fever and acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain earlier in the day. She has had 2 bowel movements with bright red blood. Her past medical history is notable for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. She takes lovastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, metformin, glyburide, and aspirin. Her temperature is 102.9°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 101/61 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, she is fully alert and oriented. She is tender in the left lower quadrant. A computerized tomography (CT) scan is performed demonstrating acute diverticulitis. She is admitted and started on broad-spectrum antibiotics. 48 hours later, her urine output is significantly decreased. Her abdominal pain has improved but she has started vomiting and appears confused. She has new bilateral lower extremity edema and decreased breath sounds at the lung bases. Laboratory analysis upon admission and 48 hours later is shown below: Admission: Hemoglobin: 11.9 g/dl Hematocrit: 34% Leukocyte count: 11,500/mm^3 Platelet count: 180,000/ mm^3 Serum: Na+: 141 mEq/L Cl-: 103 mEq/L K+: 4.5 mEq/L HCO3-: 23 mEq/L BUN: 21 mg/dL Glucose: 110 mg/dL Creatinine: 0.9 mg/dL 48 hours later: Hemoglobin: 10.1 g/dl Hematocrit: 28% Leukocyte count: 11,500 cells/mm^3 Platelet count: 195,000/ mm^3 Serum: Na+: 138 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 5.1 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 30 mg/dL Glucose: 120 mg/dL Creatinine: 2.1 mg/dL Which of the following findings would most likely be seen on urine microscopy?

A 55-year-old man presents to the hospital with chief complaints of unintentional weight loss, anorexia, fever, and sweating. The patient has pleuritic chest pain, progressive dyspnea, and dry cough. There is no history of orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. On examination, the patient is afebrile and pericardial friction rub is noted. ECG shows diffuse ST-segment elevation in V1-V4 along with T wave inversion. Chest X-ray and CT scan show anterior and inferior pericardial eggshell calcification. Echocardiography reveals thickened pericardium and signs of diastolic right ventricular collapse. Pericardial fluid is sent for Ziehl-Neelsen staining to detect acid-fast bacilli. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is detected by PCR. What is the most likely mechanism associated with the patient’s condition?

A 22-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 2-day history of severe blistering. She says that she woke up 2 days ago with a number of painful blisters in her mouth and has since been continuing to develop blisters of her cutaneous skin all over her body and the mucosa of her mouth. She has no past medical history and has never experienced these symptoms before. Physical exam reveals a diffuse vesicular rash with painful, flaccid blisters that separate easily with gentle rubbing. The function of which of the following proteins is most likely disrupted in this patient?

A 57-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up evaluation of chronic, retrosternal chest pain. The pain is worse at night and after heavy meals. He has taken oral pantoprazole for several months without any relief of his symptoms. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows ulcerations in the distal esophagus and a proximally dislocated Z-line. A biopsy of the distal esophagus shows columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Which of the following microscopic findings underlie the same pathomechanism as the cellular changes seen in this patient?