Anatomy
10 questionsA patient has a herniated intervertebral disc impinging on the right C5 nerve roots. Which of the following movements would most likely be affected?
Which are the segments of the upper lobe of the right lung?
Which of the following muscles is not attached to the medial border of the scapula?
What is the posterior relation of the neck of the pancreas?
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of which of the following arteries?
What is the uppermost structure in left lung hilum?
What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway of the ovary?
Which of the following structures does not pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
What is the embryological origin of the ligamentum arteriosum?
Which of the following does not directly drain into right atrium?
NEET-PG 2015 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 51: A patient has a herniated intervertebral disc impinging on the right C5 nerve roots. Which of the following movements would most likely be affected?
- A. Extension of the fingers
- B. Extension of the shoulder
- C. Flexion of the elbow (Correct Answer)
- D. Flexion of the wrist
Explanation: ***Flexion of the elbow*** - The **C5 nerve root** is a primary contributor to the innervation of the **biceps brachii** and **brachialis** muscles, which are the prime movers for elbow flexion. - The C5 myotome specifically includes elbow flexion as one of its key motor functions. - Impingement of the C5 nerve root would therefore most directly impact the strength and function of **elbow flexion**, leading to weakness in this movement. *Extension of the fingers* - Finger extension is primarily mediated by the **C7 and C8 nerve roots** via the posterior interosseous nerve (branch of the radial nerve). - C5 does not significantly contribute to finger extension. *Extension of the shoulder* - Shoulder extension involves muscles primarily innervated by the **C6, C7, and C8 nerve roots** (e.g., latissimus dorsi via thoracodorsal nerve, teres major). - While C5 contributes to some shoulder movements (particularly **shoulder abduction** via the deltoid), it is not primarily responsible for shoulder extension. *Flexion of the wrist* - Wrist flexion is primarily served by muscles innervated by the **C6, C7, and C8 nerve roots** (e.g., flexor carpi radialis - C6/C7, flexor carpi ulnaris - C7/C8). - The C5 nerve root has minimal to no role in wrist flexion.
Question 52: Which are the segments of the upper lobe of the right lung?
- A. Lateral, medial, superior
- B. Apical, anterior, posterior (Correct Answer)
- C. Basal, medial, lateral
- D. Anterior, posterior, medial
Explanation: ***Apical, anterior, posterior*** - The **right upper lobe** is consistently divided into three bronchopulmonary segments: **apical**, **anterior**, and **posterior** [1]. - These segments are named according to their anatomical position and the branching of the **tertiary bronchi** that supply them [1]. *Anterior, posterior, medial* - While **anterior** and **posterior** segments exist, the "medial" segment is not a standard division of the right upper lobe. - The term "medial" is typically associated with the **middle lobe** of the right lung (medial and lateral segments) [1]. *Lateral, medial, superior* - The segments **lateral** and **medial** are characteristic of the **right middle lobe** [1]. - "Superior" is a general directional term and not a specific segment name within the upper lobe in this context, although the apical segment is superiorly located. *Basal, medial, lateral* - **Basal** segments are found in the **lower lobes** of the lungs (e.g., anterior basal, medial basal, posterior basal, lateral basal). - **Medial** and **lateral** segments are typical of the **right middle lobe**, not the upper lobe [1].
Question 53: Which of the following muscles is not attached to the medial border of the scapula?
- A. Serratus anterior
- B. Levator scapulae
- C. Teres major (Correct Answer)
- D. Rhomboid major
Explanation: ***Teres major*** - The **teres major** muscle originates from the **inferior angle and lower part of the lateral border** of the scapula, NOT the medial border. - It inserts into the medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus. - This is the correct answer as it does not attach to the medial border of the scapula. *Serratus anterior* - The **serratus anterior** muscle originates from the outer surfaces of the upper 8-9 ribs and inserts along the **entire medial border** of the scapula on its anterior (costal) surface. - It plays a crucial role in protraction and upward rotation of the scapula, keeping it applied to the thoracic wall. *Levator scapulae* - The **levator scapulae** muscle originates from the transverse processes of the C1-C4 vertebrae and inserts into the **superior angle and upper part of the medial border** of the scapula. - Its primary actions are to elevate the scapula and assist in downward rotation. *Rhomboid major* - The **rhomboid major** muscle originates from the spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae and attaches to the **medial border** of the scapula between the spine and inferior angle. - It acts to retract, elevate, and rotate the scapula downward.
Question 54: What is the posterior relation of the neck of the pancreas?
- A. IVC
- B. Aorta
- C. Common bile duct
- D. Origin of portal vein (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Origin of portal vein*** - The **neck of the pancreas** is intimately associated with the formation of the **hepatic portal vein** [1]. - The **superior mesenteric vein** and **splenic vein** unite behind the pancreatic neck to form the **hepatic portal vein** [1]. *IVC* - The **inferior vena cava (IVC)** lies posterior to the **head of the pancreas**, not the neck. - While it's in proximity, it does not directly relate to the neck in the same way the portal vein does. *Aorta* - The **abdominal aorta** lies posterior to the **body** and **tail of the pancreas**, further superior and to the left. - It is not a direct posterior relation of the pancreatic neck. *Common bile duct* - The **common bile duct** passes through a groove on the posterior surface of the pancreatic **head**, sometimes even embedded within it. - It is not a direct posterior relation of the pancreatic neck, which is a different segment.
Question 55: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of which of the following arteries?
- A. Splenic artery
- B. Left gastric artery
- C. Gastroduodenal artery
- D. Superior mesenteric artery (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Superior mesenteric artery*** - The **inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery** is a direct branch of the **superior mesenteric artery (SMA)**. - It supplies the **head of the pancreas** and the **duodenum**, anastomosing with branches from the gastroduodenal artery. *Splenic artery* - The splenic artery is a branch of the **celiac trunk** and primarily supplies the **spleen**, stomach, and pancreas (via pancreatic branches). - It does not give rise to the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. *Left gastric artery* - The left gastric artery is a branch of the **celiac trunk** and supplies the **lesser curvature of the stomach** and distal esophagus. - It has no direct connection to the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. *Gastroduodenal artery* - The gastroduodenal artery is a branch of the **common hepatic artery** (from the celiac trunk) and gives off the **anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries**. - While it supplies the head of the pancreas and duodenum, it is not the origin of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, which arises from the SMA.
Question 56: What is the uppermost structure in left lung hilum?
- A. Pulmonary artery (Correct Answer)
- B. Pulmonary vein
- C. Bronchial artery
- D. Left mainstem bronchus
Explanation: ***Pulmonary artery*** - In the **left lung hilum**, the **pulmonary artery** typically lies superior to the bronchus. - This anatomical position helps differentiate it from the relations in the right lung hilum, where the pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus. *Pulmonary vein* - The **pulmonary veins** are usually located anterior and inferior to the bronchus in both lung hila. - They tend to be the most anterior and inferior structures carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs. *Bronchial artery* - **Bronchial arteries** are smaller vessels that typically run on the posterior surface of the bronchi. - They are not considered the uppermost main structure in the hilum. *Left mainstem bronchus* - The **left mainstem bronchus** is usually found inferior to the pulmonary artery and posterior to the pulmonary veins in the left hilum. - It is a prominent structure but not the most superior.
Question 57: What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway of the ovary?
- A. Deep inguinal
- B. Superficial inguinal
- C. Obturator
- D. Paraaortic (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Paraaortic*** - The **ovaries** develop embryologically in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys, and their lymphatic drainage follows the **ovarian vessels** (which arise from the aorta). - Lymph drains primarily to the **paraaortic (lumbar) lymph nodes** located along the **aorta** in the retroperitoneum at the level of L1-L2. - This is clinically important in ovarian cancer staging and treatment planning. *Deep inguinal* - The **deep inguinal lymph nodes** primarily drain the deep structures of the lower limb, perineum, and external genitalia. - They do not receive lymphatic drainage directly from the ovaries. *Superficial inguinal* - The **superficial inguinal lymph nodes** drain the skin of the lower abdomen, buttocks, perineum, external genitalia, and the superficial lower limb. - The ovaries are internal intra-abdominal organs and do not drain into these nodes. *Obturator* - The **obturator lymph nodes** are pelvic lymph nodes that primarily drain pelvic structures such as the bladder, uterine body, cervix, and upper vagina. - While adjacent to pelvic organs, they are not the primary drainage site for the ovaries, which drain superiorly along the ovarian vessels to the paraaortic nodes.
Question 58: Which of the following structures does not pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
- A. Right vagus
- B. Right brachiocephalic artery
- C. Thoracic duct
- D. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Right recurrent laryngeal nerve*** - The **right recurrent laryngeal nerve** loops around the **right subclavian artery** in the neck [1] and ascends into the neck to innervate the larynx. - It does not descend into the thorax before recurring, thus it does not pass through the superior thoracic aperture [1]. *Right vagus* - The **right vagus nerve** passes through the superior thoracic aperture anterior to the right subclavian artery and enters the thorax. - It then descends posterior to the right brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava before supplying thoracic and abdominal viscera. *Right brachiocephalic artery* - The **right brachiocephalic artery** (also known as the brachiocephalic trunk) is the first branch of the aortic arch and passes superiorly through the superior thoracic aperture. - It gives rise to the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery in the neck. *Thoracic duct* - The **thoracic duct** ascends from the abdomen through the posterior mediastinum, passes through the superior thoracic aperture to enter the neck [2]. - In the neck, it arches laterally and empties into the left subclavian vein, or the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins.
Question 59: What is the embryological origin of the ligamentum arteriosum?
- A. Remnant of the ductus arteriosus (Correct Answer)
- B. Remnant of the ductus venosus
- C. Remnant of the ductus utriculosaccularis
- D. Remnant of the ductus reuniens
Explanation: ***Remnant of the ductus arteriosus*** - The **ductus arteriosus** is a fetal blood vessel connecting the **pulmonary artery** to the **aorta**, bypassing the non-functional lungs [1]. - After birth, due to increased oxygen tension and decreased prostaglandins, it typically constricts and obliterates, forming the **ligamentum arteriosum** [2]. *Remnant of the ductus venosus* - The **ductus venosus** is a fetal shunt connecting the **umbilical vein** to the **inferior vena cava**, bypassing the liver's circulatory bed [2]. - After birth, it closes and becomes the **ligamentum venosum**, not the ligamentum arteriosum [2]. *Remnant of the ductus utriculosaccularis* - This is an **inner ear structure** connecting the utricle and saccule in the membranous labyrinth. - It is **not a cardiovascular structure** and has no relation to the ligamentum arteriosum. *Remnant of the ductus reuniens* - The **ductus reuniens** (also called ductus utriculosaccularis) is an **inner ear structure**, not a fetal cardiovascular shunt. - It has **no remnant** related to the ligamentum arteriosum or cardiovascular system.
Question 60: Which of the following does not directly drain into right atrium?
- A. Inferior vena cava
- B. Great cardiac vein (Correct Answer)
- C. Anterior cardiac vein
- D. Venae cordis minimi
Explanation: ***Great cardiac vein*** - The **great cardiac vein** drains into the **coronary sinus**, which then empties into the right atrium [1]. - It does not drain directly into the right atrium, distinguishing it from the other options. *Inferior vena cava* - The **inferior vena cava** is one of the major vessels that drains directly into the **right atrium**. - It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium. *Anterior cardiac vein* - The **anterior cardiac veins** drain directly into the **right atrium**. - They tend to drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle. *Venae cordis minimi* - Also known as **Thebesian veins**, these are small veins that drain directly into the cardiac chambers, including the **right atrium**. - They represent a direct communication between the myocardial capillaries and the cardiac chambers.