NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: Inversion and eversion of foot occurs at which joint

Subtalar. ***Subtalar*** - The **subtalar joint** (talocalcaneal joint) is primarily responsible for **inversion** and **eversion** movements of the foot. - **Inversion** involves tilting the sole of the foot medially (turning inward), while **eversion** involves tilting the sole laterally (turning outward). - This joint allows the foot to **adapt to uneven surfaces** and plays a crucial role in the biomechanics of walking and running. - The subtalar joint is essential for shock absorption and balance during gait. *Ankle* - The **ankle joint** (talocrural joint) is a hinge joint primarily responsible for **dorsiflexion** and **plantarflexion** of the foot. - It allows moving the foot up and down but has minimal contribution to inversion and eversion. *Tarso-metatarsal* - The **tarso-metatarsal joints** (Lisfranc joints) connect the tarsal bones to the metatarsal bones. - These joints contribute primarily to the **stability and arch integrity** of the foot, with minimal movement capacity. - They allow slight gliding movements but not significant inversion or eversion. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because the **subtalar joint** is indeed the primary joint responsible for inversion and eversion of the foot. - Understanding foot joint biomechanics is essential for diagnosing gait abnormalities, ankle sprains, and foot pathologies.

Q: Which of the following is a derivative of paramesonephric duct in males ?

Prostatic utricle. ***Prostatic utricle*** - The **prostatic utricle** is a blind-ending pouch located in the prostatic urethra. - It represents a **rudimentary derivative of the paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct** in males, which normally regresses due to the presence of Müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS). *Trigone of bladder* - The trigone of the bladder is derived from the caudal ends of the **mesonephric ducts** (Wolffian ducts), not the paramesonephric ducts. - It forms through the incorporation of these ducts into the posterior wall of the bladder. *Paraphoron* - The **paraphoron** is a vestigial structure found in females, representing remnants of the caudal parts of the **epoophoron tubules**. - These are derived from the **mesonephric tubules**, not the paramesonephric ducts, and are not found in males. *Gartner's duct* - **Gartner's duct** is a remnant of the **mesonephric (Wolffian) duct** in females, typically running along the lateral wall of the vagina or uterus. - It is not found in males and is derived from a different embryonic structure than the paramesonephric duct.

Q: What is the remnant of the umbilical artery?

Medial umbilical ligament. ***Medial umbilical ligament*** - The **umbilical arteries** (paired structures) carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta during development [2]. - After birth, these arteries obliterate and persist as the **medial umbilical ligaments** (two in number, one on each side), extending from the internal iliac arteries to the umbilicus along the anterior abdominal wall. - The proximal portions of the umbilical arteries remain patent as the **superior vesical arteries**, which supply the bladder. *Ligamentum arteriosum* - This is the remnant of the **ductus arteriosus**, which shunted blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the fetal lungs [2]. - It connects the arch of the aorta to the pulmonary artery. *Ligament teres* - Also known as the **round ligament of the liver**, this is the remnant of the **fetal umbilical vein** (a single midline structure) [1]. - The umbilical vein carried oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus [1], [2]. *Ligamentum venosum* - This is the fibrous remnant of the **ductus venosus**, a shunt in fetal circulation that bypassed the liver by connecting the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava [1]. - It is located deep within the liver, forming a fissure.

Q: Which of the following is not a branch of the splenic artery?

Right Gastroepiploic Artery. ***Right Gastroepiploic Artery*** - This artery originates from the **gastroduodenal artery**, which is a branch of the **common hepatic artery**, not the splenic artery. - It supplies the greater curvature of the stomach and the greater omentum. *Hilar branches of the splenic artery* - These are direct branches of the splenic artery that enter the **hilum of the spleen** [1] to supply the organ itself. - They are essential for the blood supply to the spleen [1]. *Short Gastric Artery* - The **short gastric arteries** arise directly from the splenic artery or its terminal branches [1]. - They supply the fundus and a part of the greater curvature of the stomach [1]. *Arteria Pancreatica Magna* - Also known as the **great pancreatic artery**, this is a significant branch that typically arises from the **splenic artery**. - It supplies the body and tail of the pancreas [1].

Q: Heart tube is formed in a gelatinous matrix rich in:

Hyaluronic acid secreted by the myocardium. ***Hyaluronic acid secreted by the myocardium*** - The developing **heart tube** forms within a gelatinous extracellular matrix that is rich in **hyaluronic acid**. - This **hyaluronic acid** is secreted by the **myocardium** (the developing heart muscle), which plays a crucial role in the initial formation and remodeling of the heart. *Hyaluronic acid secreted by the endocardium* - While the endocardium is an important layer of the heart, it is the **myocardium** that primarily secretes the **hyaluronic acid** critical for heart tube formation during early development. - The **endocardium** forms the inner lining and primarily acts in blood-tissue interaction and valvular development later on. *Chondroitin sulfate secreted by the endocardium* - **Chondroitin sulfate** is a component of the extracellular matrix, but it is not the primary proteoglycan responsible for the initial formation environment of the heart tube. - Furthermore, its secretion is not predominantly from the **endocardium** in this context. *Chondroitin sulfate secreted by the myocardium* - Although the myocardium is responsible for secreting extracellular matrix components, **chondroitin sulfate** is not the predominant or critical molecule responsible for the initial gelatinous matrix allowing heart tube formation. - **Hyaluronic acid** plays this key role in early cardiogenesis.

Q: Which of the following statements about the femoral triangle is NOT true?

Floor is formed by adductor longus. ***Floor is formed by adductor longus*** - The floor of the femoral triangle is actually formed by the **iliopsoas** laterally and the **pectineus** medially. - The **adductor longus** forms part of the medial boundary of the femoral triangle, not its floor. - This is the INCORRECT statement (correct answer for a "NOT true" question). *Contains the femoral vessels* - The femoral triangle is a crucial anatomical space containing the **femoral artery**, **femoral vein**, and **femoral nerve**. - These structures are organized from lateral to medial as nerve, artery, vein (NAVY). *Lateral margin is formed by sartorius* - The **sartorius muscle** forms the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle. - Its medial border defines one of the triangle's sides. *Medial margin is formed by adductor longus* - The **adductor longus** does form the medial boundary of the femoral triangle. - This is anatomically correct along with the inguinal ligament (superior boundary) and sartorius (lateral boundary).

Q: What structures are derived from the neural crest?

All of the options. ***All of the options*** - The **neural crest** is a multipotent, migratory cell population that contributes to the formation of many diverse tissues and organs during vertebrate development. - Neural crest cells give rise to a wide array of derivatives, including components of the nervous system, pigment cells, skeletal and connective tissues of the head and face, and endocrine glands [1]. *Melanocytes* - **Melanocytes**, the pigment-producing cells found in the skin, hair, eyes, and other tissues, are derived from the **neural crest** [2]. - These cells migrate extensively during development from the neural crest to their final destinations throughout the body. - Neural crest-derived melanocytes produce melanin, which provides pigmentation and protection against UV radiation [2]. *Dental papillae* - The **dental papilla** is crucial for tooth development and is formed from **ectomesenchymal cells** that are derived from the cranial neural crest. - These cells differentiate into the odontoblasts that produce dentin and also contribute to the pulp of the tooth. *Adrenal medulla* - The cells of the **adrenal medulla**, which produce catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, are specialized **postganglionic sympathetic neurons** derived from the neural crest. - They develop from neuroectodermal cells that migrate to the developing adrenal gland.

Q: Shortest part of male urethra is :

Membranous. ***Membranous*** - The **membranous urethra** is the shortest and narrowest part of the male urethra, passing through the **deep perineal pouch**. - Its short length makes it particularly vulnerable to injury during trauma to the pelvis [1]. *Prostatic* - The **prostatic urethra** is approximately 3-4 cm long and runs through the prostate gland. - It is one of the longer segments of the male urethra and drains the ejaculatory ducts. *Bulbar* - The **bulbar urethra** is a segment of the spongy (penile) urethra, located within the bulb of the penis [1]. - It is generally longer than the membranous part and wider distally. *Penile* - The **penile urethra**, also known as the spongy urethra, is the longest part of the male urethra, extending through the corpus spongiosum of the penis. - It measures around 15 cm and expands at its distal end to form the navicular fossa.

Q: Which is the largest nerve that exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen?

Sciatic nerve. ***Sciatic nerve*** - The **sciatic nerve** is the largest nerve in the human body, formed from the sacral plexus, and it is indeed the largest structure that passes through the **greater sciatic foramen** as it descends into the posterior thigh. - It supplies motor and sensory innervation to the posterior thigh, lower leg, and foot. *Superior gluteal artery* - The superior gluteal artery exits the pelvis through the **greater sciatic foramen** above the piriformis muscle. - While significant, it is an artery and not a nerve, and it is not the largest structure passing through this foramen. *Inferior gluteal artery* - The inferior gluteal artery also exits the pelvis via the **greater sciatic foramen**, inferior to the piriformis muscle. - Like the superior gluteal artery, it is an arterial structure and not a nerve, and it is not the largest structure in the foramen. *Piriformis muscle* - The **piriformis muscle** originates inside the pelvis and passes through the **greater sciatic foramen** to insert on the greater trochanter of the femur. - Although it occupies a significant portion of the foramen, it is a muscle, not a nerve, and the sciatic nerve is the largest nerve exiting this aperture.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about branchial cysts?

They mostly arise from the second branchial cleft.. ***They mostly arise from the second branchial cleft.*** - **Second branchial cleft cysts** are the most common type, accounting for approximately **95%** of all branchial anomalies. - They typically present as a smooth, fluctuant mass along the **anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle** at the junction of the upper and middle third of the neck. - These cysts result from **incomplete obliteration** of the second branchial cleft during embryonic development. *Branchial cysts are more common in males than females.* - Branchial cysts have **no significant sex predilection**, affecting males and females with roughly equal frequency. - The overall incidence is relatively rare, with most cases presenting in late childhood or early adulthood. *Surgical intervention is not always necessary.* - **Complete surgical excision** is the **definitive treatment** and is strongly recommended for all branchial cysts. - Indications for surgery include: prevention of **recurrent infections**, risk of **abscess formation**, elimination of cosmetic concerns, and removal due to potential (though rare) **malignant transformation**. - While very small asymptomatic cysts may occasionally be observed, this carries significant risk of future complications, making surgery the standard of care in clinical practice. *They can cause dysphagia and hoarseness if infected.* - While an **infected branchial cyst** causes local inflammatory signs (pain, swelling, warmth, erythema), it **rarely causes dysphagia or hoarseness** unless exceptionally large. - These symptoms would require the cyst to compress the **pharynx** (dysphagia) or involve the **recurrent laryngeal nerve** (hoarseness), which is uncommon even with infection. - The primary presentation of infected cysts includes **tender neck mass** with overlying skin changes and possible **abscess formation**.

Question 1

Inversion and eversion of foot occurs at which joint

Accepted Answer

Subtalar

Answer

Ankle

Answer

Tarso-metatarsal

Answer

None of the options

Question 2

Which of the following is a derivative of paramesonephric duct in males ?

Accepted Answer

Prostatic utricle

Answer

Trigone of bladder

Answer

Paraphoron

Answer

Gartner's duct

Question 3

What is the remnant of the umbilical artery?

Accepted Answer

Medial umbilical ligament

Answer

Ligamentum arteriosum

Answer

Ligament teres

Answer

Ligamentum venosum

Question 4

Which of the following is not a branch of the splenic artery?

Accepted Answer

Right Gastroepiploic Artery

Answer

Hilar branches of the splenic artery

Answer

Short Gastric Arteries

Answer

Arteria Pancreatica Magna

Question 5

Heart tube is formed in a gelatinous matrix rich in:

Accepted Answer

Hyaluronic acid secreted by the myocardium

Answer

Hyaluronic acid secreted by the endocardium

Answer

Chondroitin sulfate secreted by the endocardium

Answer

Chondroitin sulfate secreted by the myocardium

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the femoral triangle is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

Floor is formed by adductor longus

Answer

Contains the femoral vessels

Answer

Lateral margin is formed by sartorius

Answer

Medial margin is formed by adductor longus

Question 7

What structures are derived from the neural crest?

Accepted Answer

All of the options

Answer

Melanocytes

Answer

Dental papillae

Answer

Adrenal medulla

Question 8

Shortest part of male urethra is :

Accepted Answer

Membranous

Answer

Prostatic

Answer

Bulbar

Answer

Penile

Question 9

Which is the largest nerve that exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen?

Accepted Answer

Sciatic nerve

Answer

Superior gluteal artery

Answer

Inferior gluteal artery

Answer

Piriformis muscle

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true about branchial cysts?

Accepted Answer

They mostly arise from the second branchial cleft.

Answer

Branchial cysts are more common in males than females.

Answer

Surgical intervention is not always necessary.

Answer

They can cause dysphagia and hoarseness if infected.

NEET-PG 2015

Anatomy

Surgery