NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: Submucosal plexus is -

Meissner's plexus. ***Meissner's plexus*** - The **submucosal plexus** is also known as **Meissner's plexus**, located in the submucosal layer of the **gastrointestinal tract** [1]. - It primarily controls local **secretions**, **absorption**, and **blood flow** within the gut [2]. *Myenteric plexus* - The **myenteric plexus** is also known as **Auerbach's plexus**, located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the **gastrointestinal tract** [1]. - It primarily controls **gastrointestinal motility**, not local secretions [1]. *Tympanic plexus* - The **tympanic plexus** is a network of nerves in the **middle ear** that provides sensory innervation to the tympanic cavity. - It is unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract or its intrinsic nervous system. *Auerbach's plexus* - **Auerbach's plexus** is another name for the **myenteric plexus**, which is located between the muscle layers [1]. - It is responsible for gut motility and distinct from the submucosal plexus.

Q: Which of the following extraocular muscles is not supplied by oculomotor nerve?

Lateral rectus. ***Lateral rectus*** - The **lateral rectus muscle** is innervated by the **abducens nerve (CN VI)**, not the oculomotor nerve (CN III). [1] - Its primary action is **abduction** of the eye, moving it laterally away from the midline. [1] *Inferior oblique* - The **inferior oblique muscle** is innervated by the **oculomotor nerve (CN III)**. [1] - Its actions include **extorsion**, elevation, and abduction of the eye. [1] *Medial rectus* - The **medial rectus muscle** is innervated by the **oculomotor nerve (CN III)**. [1] - Its primary action is **adduction** of the eye, moving it medially towards the midline. [1] *Inferior rectus* - The **inferior rectus muscle** is innervated by the **oculomotor nerve (CN III)**. [1] - Its actions include **depression**, extorsion, and adduction of the eye. [1]

Q: Spectroscopy primarily studies the interaction between _____ and matter.

Electromagnetic radiation. ***Electromagnetic radiation*** - **Spectroscopy** is the study of the interaction between **matter** and **electromagnetic radiation**, which includes a range from radio waves to gamma rays. - This interaction provides information about the **structure, composition, and physical properties** of matter. *Alpha particles* - **Alpha particles** are composed of two protons and two neutrons, essentially a helium nucleus. - While they interact with matter, their study is more characteristic of **nuclear physics** and **radioactivity**, not the primary focus of spectroscopy. *Protons* - **Protons** are subatomic particles with a positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom. - Their interaction with matter is studied in various fields, but spectroscopy primarily uses **electromagnetic radiation** to probe atomic and molecular energy levels. *Positrons* - **Positrons** are the antimatter counterparts of electrons, having a positive charge. - Their interaction with matter leads to **annihilation events** producing gamma rays, which is fundamental to techniques like Positron Emission Tomography (**PET**), but not the broad field of spectroscopy.

Q: Infective period of chicken pox is

2 days before and 5 days after rash appearance. ***2 days before and 5 days after rash appearance*** - The **infective period** for **chickenpox (varicella)** begins approximately **1-2 days before the rash appears** and continues until **all lesions have crusted over**, which typically occurs around **5-7 days after rash onset**. - According to **CDC guidelines** and standard medical references, patients are contagious from 1-2 days prior to rash onset until all vesicles are scabbed. - The timeframe of **2 days before and 5 days after** represents the **clinically accepted standard** for isolation and infection control purposes. *4 days before and 5 days after rash appearance* - This option **overestimates the start of the infective period**. - The incubation period of chickenpox is 10-21 days, but **infectivity does not begin 4 days before rash** - it starts only 1-2 days prior. - This extended timeframe is not supported by standard medical literature. *4 days before and 4 days after rash appearance* - This option **overestimates when infectivity begins** and **underestimates the duration after rash onset**. - Infectivity starts 1-2 days before rash, not 4 days before. - The period after rash onset should extend until all lesions are crusted (typically 5-7 days). *2 days before and 2 days after rash appearance* - While this option correctly identifies when infectivity begins, it **significantly underestimates the duration after rash onset**. - Patients remain contagious until **all lesions have crusted over**, which usually takes **5-7 days** after rash appearance, not just 2 days. - Premature discontinuation of isolation at 2 days would pose significant infection control risks.

Q: IPC 304B is related to -

Dowry death. ***Dowry death*** - **IPC 304B** specifically addresses **dowry death**, where the death of a woman is caused by burns or bodily injury or occurs otherwise than under normal circumstances within seven years of her marriage, and it is shown that soon before her death, she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband or any relative of her husband for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry. - This section aims to curb the practice of **dowry-related violence** and holds the perpetrators accountable. *Death caused by negligence* - This falls under **IPC 304A**, which deals with causing **death by negligence**, such as rash or negligent acts not amounting to culpable homicide. - It does not involve the specific elements of dowry demand or harassment within seven years of marriage. *Punishment for cruelty by husband or his relatives* - This is covered by **IPC 498A**, which penalizes **cruelty by a husband or his relatives** towards a married woman. - While related to marital abuse, **IPC 498A** does not specifically address death; instead, it focuses on harassment and cruelty. *Punishment of culpable homicide, not amounting to murder* - This offense is delineated in **IPC 304**. - It applies when a death is caused with the intention of causing bodily injury likely to cause death, or with knowledge that the act is likely to cause death, but without the specific intent or knowledge that would elevate it to murder.

Q: Sex with cadaver is called -

Necrophilia. ***Necrophilia*** - **Necrophilia** is a paraphilia characterized by sexual attraction to or sexual acts with corpses. - It is classified as an extremely rare and severe mental disorder, often associated with a history of sexual abuse or profound psychological disturbances. *Voyeurism* - **Voyeurism** involves obtaining sexual gratification from secretly observing unsuspecting individuals undressing, naked, or engaging in sexual acts. - It does not involve direct sexual contact or interaction, especially not with cadavers. *Exhibitionism* - **Exhibitionism** is a paraphilia characterized by the recurrent powerful urge or fantasies of, and sexual arousal from, exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger. - The primary goal is usually to shock or distress the observer, not to engage in sexual acts with a deceased person. *Undinism* - **Undinism** is an outdated term, sometimes used to refer to a fetish or paraphilia involving urine (urophilia). - It is not related to sexual attraction or activity with cadavers.

Q: Novus actus interveniens is related to?

Breaking of chain. ***Breaking of chain*** - **Novus actus interveniens** (a new intervening act) is a legal concept referring to an event that breaks the **chain of causation** between an initial act of negligence and the resulting harm. - This means that a new, independent act occurs that is so significant it negates the responsibility of the original wrongdoer for the final outcome. *Therapeutic misadventure* - This refers to an **unforeseen complication** or adverse event that occurs during a medical or surgical procedure despite appropriate care being taken. - It does not necessarily involve a break in the chain of causation, as the misadventure is typically directly related to the initial medical intervention. *Facts speaking for itself* - This translates to the legal doctrine of **res ipsa loquitur**, which means "the thing speaks for itself." - It applies when an injury is of such a nature that it would not ordinarily occur without negligence, and the instrumentality causing the injury was under the exclusive control of the defendant. It's about establishing negligence, not breaking causation. *Contributory negligence* - This is a defense in tort law where the plaintiff's own **negligence contributed** to their injury, thereby reducing or sometimes barring their recovery. - While it deals with fault, it's distinct from novus actus interveniens, which focuses on whether the original defendant's act directly caused the final harm.

Q: Locomotor ataxia, a late manifestation of syphilis due to parenchymatous involvement of the spinal cord, is called

Tabes dorsalis. ***Tabes dorsalis*** - This condition is a **late manifestation of tertiary syphilis** caused by the demyelination and degeneration of the posterior columns and dorsal roots of the spinal cord [1], [2]. - It specifically leads to **locomotor ataxia** due to the loss of proprioception and vibration sense, characteristic of parenchymatous involvement [2]. *Syphilitic amyotrophy* - This is a rare form of neurosyphilis that presents with neurological symptoms primarily affecting **motor neurons**, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. - It does not typically present as **locomotor ataxia** with sensory deficits as the primary feature. *Meningovascular syphilis* - This form of neurosyphilis predominantly affects the **blood vessels and meninges of the brain and spinal cord**, leading to infarcts and stroke-like symptoms. - While it can cause neurological deficits, it does not typically manifest as the specific sensory ataxia described as **tabes dorsalis**. *General paralysis of insane* - Also known as **general paresis**, this is another late manifestation of neurosyphilis primarily affecting the brain, leading to **dementia, personality changes, and psychiatric symptoms**. - While it involves parenchymatous brain damage, it does not present with **locomotor ataxia** as its defining feature.

Q: Effect of hypoparathyroidism on bones include -

None of the Above. ***None of the Above*** - **Hypoparathyroidism** leads to **decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH)** levels, resulting in **hypocalcemia** and **hyperphosphatemia**. [3] - Unlike hyperparathyroidism, which causes bone resorption, hypoparathyroidism is generally associated with **increased bone density** due to reduced osteoclastic activity. *Brown tumours* - **Brown tumors** are focal lesions caused by **osteoclastic activity** and fibrous tissue replacement in severe **hyperparathyroidism**, which is the opposite of the condition described. [1], [2] - They are a manifestation of **osteitis fibrosa cystica**, a skeletal complication of prolonged excess PTH. [2] *Subperiosteal Resorption of Bone* - **Subperiosteal bone resorption** is a classic radiographic sign of **hyperparathyroidism**, where excessive PTH causes osteoclasts to erode bone, particularly in the phalanges. [1] - This process is driven by **elevated PTH**, which is absent in hypoparathyroidism. *Multiple Cysts in Bone* - **Multiple cysts in bone** (also known as osteitis fibrosa cystica) are characteristic of **severe hyperparathyroidism**, resulting from excessive bone remodeling and fibrous tissue proliferation. [2] - Hypoparathyroidism does not cause bone cysts; instead, it tends to lead to **increased bone mineral density**. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissue Tumors, pp. 1194-1195. [2] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. The Endocrine System, pp. 1105-1106. [3] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. The Endocrine System, pp. 1106-1107.

Q: Which common tracer in PET is usually administered in the form of a glucose sugar?

Fluorine 18. ***Fluorine 18*** - **18F-FDG** (Fluorodeoxyglucose) is the most common PET tracer, utilizing **Fluorine-18** as its radioactive component. - FDG is a glucose analog, meaning it mimics glucose and is taken up by metabolically active cells, allowing for imaging of **glucose metabolism**. *Aluminum - 12* - **Aluminum-12** is not a common radionuclide used in PET imaging. - The most common tracers in PET are **positron emitters** like Fluorine-18, Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15. *Carbon 11* - **Carbon-11** can be used in PET tracers (e.g., 11C-methionine), but it is **less common** than 18F-FDG due to its shorter half-life. - Its short half-life (20 minutes) requires an **on-site cyclotron** for production, limiting its widespread use. *Oxygen 15* - **Oxygen-15** is employed in PET tracers (e.g., 15O-water for cerebral blood flow), but it has an **even shorter half-life** (2 minutes) than Carbon-11. - Its extremely short half-life makes it **impractical** for routine clinical use in the form of a glucose sugar.

Question 1

Submucosal plexus is -

Accepted Answer

Meissner's plexus

Answer

Myenteric plexus

Answer

Tympanic plexus

Answer

Auerbach's plexus

Question 2

Which of the following extraocular muscles is not supplied by oculomotor nerve?

Accepted Answer

Lateral rectus

Answer

Inferior oblique

Answer

Medial rectus

Answer

Inferior rectus

Question 3

Spectroscopy primarily studies the interaction between _____ and matter.

Accepted Answer

Electromagnetic radiation

Answer

Alpha particles

Answer

Protons

Answer

Positrons

Question 4

Infective period of chicken pox is

Accepted Answer

2 days before and 5 days after rash appearance

Answer

4 days before and 5 days after rash appearance

Answer

4 days before and 4 days after rash appearance

Answer

2 days before and 2 days after rash appearance

Question 5

IPC 304B is related to -

Accepted Answer

Dowry death

Answer

Death caused by negligence

Answer

Punishment for cruelty by husband or his relatives

Answer

Punishment of culpable homicide, not amounting to murder

Question 6

Sex with cadaver is called -

Accepted Answer

Necrophilia

Answer

Voyeurism

Answer

Exhibitionism

Answer

Undinism

Question 7

Novus actus interveniens is related to?

Accepted Answer

Breaking of chain

Answer

Therapeutic misadventure

Answer

Facts speaking for itself

Answer

Contributory negligence

Question 8

Locomotor ataxia, a late manifestation of syphilis due to parenchymatous involvement of the spinal cord, is called

Accepted Answer

Tabes dorsalis

Answer

Syphilitic amyotrophy

Answer

Meningo vascular syphilis

Answer

General paralysis of insane

Question 9

Effect of hypoparathyroidism on bones include -

Accepted Answer

None of the Above

Answer

Brown tumours

Answer

Subperiosteal Resorption of Bone

Answer

Multiple Cysts in Bone

Question 10

Which common tracer in PET is usually administered in the form of a glucose sugar?

Accepted Answer

Fluorine 18

Answer

Aluminum - 12

Answer

Carbon 11

Answer

Oxygen 15

NEET-PG 2015

Anatomy

Biochemistry

Community Medicine

Forensic Medicine

Internal Medicine

Pathology

Radiology