Inflammation and Repair Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following is NOT a pro-inflammatory cytokine?

IL-10. ### Explanation The inflammatory response is tightly regulated by a balance between **pro-inflammatory** and **anti-inflammatory** cytokines [1]. **Why IL-10 is the correct answer:** **IL-10** is a potent **anti-inflammatory cytokine**. Its primary role is to terminate the inflammatory response and prevent tissue damage caused by overactive immunity. It achieves this by: * Inhibiting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF). * Downregulating the expression of MHC Class II and co-stimulatory molecules on macrophages and dendritic cells. * Inhibiting the "oxidative burst" in macrophages. **Why the other options are incorrect:** * **IL-1:** A classic pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages [1]. It induces fever (endogenous pyrogen), activates vascular endothelium, and stimulates the production of acute-phase reactants. * **IL-6:** A major mediator of the acute-phase response [1]. It stimulates the liver to produce C-reactive protein (CRP) and promotes the differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells. * **TNF-Alpha:** The "master regulator" of inflammation [1]. It promotes leukocyte adhesion, activates neutrophils, and in high concentrations, can lead to septic shock and cachexia. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Anti-inflammatory Cytokines:** Remember the mnemonic **"TGF-̢ and IL-10"**—these are the two primary "brakes" of the immune system. * **Pyrogenic Cytokines:** IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-̡ are the primary cytokines responsible for inducing fever [1]. * **IL-8:** Specifically functions as a potent **chemotactic factor** for neutrophils ("Clean up on aisle 8") [1]. * **IL-12:** Essential for the differentiation of T-cells into **Th1 cells**, linking innate and adaptive immunity. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Inflammation and Repair, pp. 93-99.

Q: Flare response in triple response occurs due to?

Vasodilation due to release of secondary mediators. The **Triple Response of Lewis** is a classic physiological reaction of the skin to mechanical injury, illustrating the vascular changes in acute inflammation. It consists of three distinct stages: 1. **Red Spot (Flush):** Localized vasodilation of capillaries and venules due to direct mechanical stimulation and histamine release. 2. **Flare (The correct answer):** A bright red, irregular area surrounding the red spot. This occurs due to **vasodilation of adjacent arterioles** mediated by an **axon reflex**. When the skin is injured, sensory nerve endings are stimulated, releasing **secondary mediators** (specifically Neuropeptides like Substance P and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/CGRP), which cause widespread vasodilation [1]. 3. **Wheal:** Localized edema (swelling) caused by **increased vascular permeability** of post-capillary venules, leading to exudation of fluid. ### Why the other options are incorrect: * **Option B:** Chemotaxis and adhesion are cellular events of inflammation that occur later; they do not contribute to the immediate vascular "flare." * **Option C:** Direct vessel injury causes the initial "Red Spot," but the "Flare" is a neurogenic response extending beyond the site of direct trauma. * **Option D:** Increased vascular permeability is the mechanism behind the **Wheal** formation, not the Flare. ### NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls: * **Mediator of Triple Response:** Histamine is the primary chemical mediator involved. * **Axon Reflex:** The Flare is unique because it depends on an intact nerve supply (orthodromic and antidromic conduction). * **Sequence:** Red Spot (seconds) → Flare (30-60 seconds) → Wheal (1-5 minutes). **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Inflammation and Repair, pp. 100-101.

Question 1

Which of the following is the principal chemical mediator of fever?

Accepted Answer

Fever

Answer

Itching

Answer

Vasoconstriction

Answer

Chemotaxis

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a pro-inflammatory cytokine?

Accepted Answer

IL-10

Answer

IL-1

Answer

IL-6

Answer

TNF Alpha

Question 3

The process of coating a microbe to target it for phagocytosis is:

Accepted Answer

Opsonisation

Answer

Diapedesis

Answer

Margination

Answer

Chemotaxis

Question 4

All of the following are true about bacterial killing by phagocytes EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

The immune deficiency in Bruton's agammaglobulinemia is not related to opsonization.

Answer

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) aids in the formation of hypochlorous acid (OCI).

Answer

Chediak-Higashi syndrome results from a failure of phagolysosome formation.

Answer

NADPH oxidase is essential for the generation of superoxide anions.

Question 5

Stellate-shaped granuloma is characteristically seen in which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Cat-scratch disease

Answer

Sarcoidosis

Answer

Crohn's disease

Answer

Tuberculosis

Question 6

What is the characteristic of stem cells?

Accepted Answer

Labile

Answer

Stable

Answer

Permanent

Answer

None of the above

Question 7

Which of the following factors does NOT inhibit wound healing?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthermia

Answer

Hypoxia

Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Infection

Question 8

Which of the following occurs in chronic granulomatous disease?

Accepted Answer

Defective H2O2 production

Answer

Myeloperoxidase deficiency

Answer

Defective polymerization

Answer

Defective phagocytosis

Question 9

How many hours after injury are activated fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and capillary sprouts most abundant in a wound?

Accepted Answer

3 to 5 days

Answer

3 to 6 hours

Answer

12 to 24 hours

Answer

8 to 10 days

Question 10

Flare response in triple response occurs due to?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation due to release of secondary mediators

Answer

Chemotaxis and adhesion of leucocytes to the vessel wall

Answer

Direct vessel injury

Answer

Increased vascular permeability

Inflammation and Repair — MCQs

Inflammation and Repair — MCQs

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