Health Policy and Management Practice Questions

Q: All of the following are dashboard indicators used for monitoring of India Newborn Action Plan (INAP). Which one of them is an impact level indicator ?

Neonatal mortality rate. ***Neonatal mortality rate*** - This is a key **impact indicator** because it directly measures the ultimate outcome of newborn health interventions: the reduction of deaths in the neonatal period. - Changes in the neonatal mortality rate reflect the overall effectiveness of programs aimed at improving newborn survival. *Caesarean section rate* - This is typically an **outcome or process indicator**, reflecting healthcare service delivery and utilization rather than the direct impact on newborn survival. - While relevant to maternal and newborn health, it doesn't directly measure newborn mortality or morbidity as an outcome. *Percentage of preterm births* - This is an **intermediate outcome indicator** or a **risk factor indicator**, as preterm birth is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. - While crucial for monitoring, it is a determinant of neonatal mortality rather than the direct impact itself. *Exclusive breastfeeding rate* - This is generally a **process indicator** or a **behavioral indicator**, reflecting the adoption of a recommended practice that supports newborn health. - While exclusive breastfeeding positively impacts newborn survival, the rate itself is not an impact measure of mortality reduction.

Q: The cost of implementation of 'Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana' is borne by :

Both Central Government and State Government. ***Both Central Government and State Government*** - The **Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY)** is a centrally sponsored scheme, meaning its funding is shared between the **Central Government** and participating **State Governments**. - The funding mechanism generally follows a ratio, for instance, a 60:40 split between the Centre and States, though this can vary for special category states. *State Government only* - If the scheme were solely funded by the state government, it would be a state scheme, not a **centrally sponsored national health protection scheme**. - The scale and ambition of AB PM-JAY require significant central government contributions to ensure **uniform implementation** and coverage across India. *Private institutions only as a part of their Corporate Social Responsibility* - While private institutions may engage in healthcare initiatives through **Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)**, AB PM-JAY is a government-funded scheme. - The primary financial responsibility for this large-scale health insurance program rests with the **government bodies**, not private entities via CSR. *Central Government only* - While the **Central Government** provides a substantial portion of the funding, this scheme is not fully funded by the Centre. - State governments are required to contribute their share, underscoring the **collaborative federal structure** of its financing and implementation.

Q: Consider the following statements with regard to selection of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) under NRHM : 1. ASHA must be a woman preferably of age 18 to 25 years. 2. ASHA should be married. 3. ASHA must be a resident of the village. 4. ASHA may be a married, widowed or divorced woman. Which of the statements given above are correct with regard to process of selection of ASHA?

3 and 4 only. ***3 and 4 only*** - An ASHA worker must be a **resident of the village** she serves to ensure local knowledge and trust, making statement 3 correct. - The criteria specify that an ASHA may be **married, widowed, or divorced**, making statement 4 correct and reflecting inclusivity in selection. *1 and 2 only* - While ASHA candidates are typically women, the age criteria are usually **25 to 45 years**, not 18-25, making statement 1 incorrect. - Being married is not a mandatory criterion; **single, widowed, or divorced women** are also eligible, making statement 2 incorrect. *2 and 3 only* - As explained earlier, being married (statement 2) is **not a mandatory requirement**, as eligibility extends to widowed or divorced women. - While being a resident of the village (statement 3) is correct, statement 2 is incorrect, so this option is not entirely correct. *1, 2, 3 and 4* - This option includes statements 1 and 2, which are **incorrect**. Statement 1 refers to an incorrect age range, and statement 2 incorrectly states that ASHA must be married.

Q: Consider the following statements regarding the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) in India : 1. The CDSCO is headed by the Drugs Controller General (India) at the Centre. 2. The CDSCO is a part of the Directorate of Director General of Health Services. 3. The CDSCO is under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India. 4. The CDSCO has a network of several port offices for monitoring the import and export of drugs. Which of the statements given above are correct?

1, 2 and 4. ***Correct Option: 1, 2 and 4*** The **Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)** has the following characteristics: **Statement 1 (Correct):** The CDSCO is indeed headed by the **Drugs Controller General (India)** at the Centre. This is the apex regulatory authority for pharmaceuticals and medical devices in India. **Statement 2 (Correct):** The CDSCO operates as a part of the **Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS)** under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. **Statement 3 (Incorrect):** The CDSCO falls under the **Ministry of Health & Family Welfare**, NOT the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. The Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers is responsible for policies related to the production and pricing of chemicals and fertilizers, but drug regulation is under the health ministry. **Statement 4 (Correct):** The CDSCO has an extensive network of **port offices** (located at major ports and airports) responsible for overseeing the **import and export of drugs**, ensuring compliance with safety and quality standards. *Incorrect Option: 1 and 3* - While statement 1 is correct, statement 3 is incorrect as explained above. This combination includes a false statement about the ministry under which CDSCO operates. *Incorrect Option: 2 and 4 only* - This option correctly identifies two true statements but **omits statement 1**, which is the fundamental fact that CDSCO is headed by the Drugs Controller General (India). This is incomplete. *Incorrect Option: 1 and 2 only* - This option correctly identifies the organizational structure but **fails to include statement 4** about the crucial role of CDSCO's port offices in regulating the import and export of drugs, which is a key regulatory function.

Q: In the following table, the end results of planning are qualified by brief characteristics. How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Only one of the pairs. ***Only one of the pairs (Correct Answer)*** - Only Pair No. 2 is correctly matched in the table - An **objective** is correctly characterized as "precise—either achieved or not achieved" - Objectives are specific, measurable statements that are binary in nature (achieved or not achieved) - The other pairs (Goal and Target) contain inaccuracies in their given characteristics *All of the pairs (Incorrect)* - Not all pairs accurately describe the end results of planning - Specifically, the characteristics given for "Goal" and "Target" are not entirely correct - Goals are generally broader and may not always be strictly time-constrained as described *None of the pairs (Incorrect)* - This is incorrect as at least one pair is correctly defined - The definition of "Objective" as "precise—either achieved or not achieved" is accurate - Eliminating all pairs would be incorrect *Only two of the pairs (Incorrect)* - Only one pair (Objective) is correctly matched, not two - Goals are generally broader and may not always be strictly time-constrained in the way described in the table - Targets are often precise and quantifiable, similar to objectives, rather than permitting a "degree of achievement" as suggested

Q: The table given below shows three broad components under which the objectives of the National Health Policy, 2017 can be grouped, along with examples of goals/objectives under each component. How many of the pairs shown in the table are correctly matched? Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Only one of the pairs. ***Only one of the pairs*** - According to the **National Health Policy 2017**, only **Pair 1** is correctly matched. - Pair 1 correctly matches 'Health status and programme impact' with the objective of **increasing life expectancy at birth from 67.5 to 70 years by 2025**. - This objective directly reflects an improvement in the overall health status of the population and is a stated goal in NHP 2017. *Only two of the pairs* - This option is incorrect because only one pair is accurately matched according to the National Health Policy 2017. - While Pair 2 mentions an immunization target, the specific pairing of component and objective may not align with NHP 2017's classification. *All of the pairs* - This option is incorrect because not all pairs shown in the table are correctly matched with their respective broad components as per the **National Health Policy 2017**. - Only the first pair accurately reflects the policy's stated objectives for that particular broad component. *None of the pairs* - This option is incorrect because **Pair 1 is correctly matched**. - The goal to increase life expectancy from 67.5 to 70 years by 2025 is a direct indicator of improved health status and is accurately categorized under 'Health status and programme impact' in NHP 2017.

Q: Which one of the following is not a utilization rate ?

Population bed ratio. ***Population bed ratio*** - This ratio describes the availability of beds for a given population, often used for **health planning** and **resource allocation** at a macro level. - It is a measure of **bed availability** per capita, not how efficiently or frequently existing beds are used by patients. *Bed occupancy rate* - This is a **utilization rate** that indicates the percentage of available beds that are occupied over a specific period. - A high bed occupancy rate suggests efficient use of bed resources but can also indicate **understaffing** or **overcrowding** if too high. *Average length of stay* - This is a **utilization rate** that measures the average number of days a patient remains in the hospital. - It reflects the **efficiency of patient management** and discharge processes; shorter stays generally mean higher utilization per bed. *Bed turnover ratio* - This is a **utilization rate** that represents the number of times a bed changes occupants over a specific period. - A higher bed turnover ratio indicates more patients are being admitted and discharged from each bed, signifying higher bed utilization.

Q: Which of the following countries was the first to institute compulsory sickness insurance?

Germany. **Germany** * **Germany** was the first country to institute **compulsory sickness insurance** in 1883 under **Otto von Bismarck’s social insurance legislation**. * This landmark legislation aimed to provide workers with protection against **illness and injury**, laying the groundwork for modern social welfare systems. * *France* * **France** introduced comprehensive social insurance much later, with major reforms in the 20th century. * While it has a robust healthcare system, it was not the first to implement **compulsory sickness insurance**. * *England* * **England** (part of the UK) implemented the **National Insurance Act** in 1911, which included provisions for health insurance, but this was after Germany's legislation. * The **National Health Service (NHS)**, a more comprehensive system, was established in 1948. * *USA* * The **USA** has historically relied more on private insurance and employer-sponsored health plans. * There has never been a national **compulsory sickness insurance** system in the USA akin to those in Europe, and efforts towards universal healthcare have been met with significant political challenges.

Question 1

All of the following are dashboard indicators used for monitoring of India Newborn Action Plan (INAP). Which one of them is an impact level indicator ?

Accepted Answer

Neonatal mortality rate

Answer

Caesarean section rate

Answer

Percentage of preterm births

Answer

Exclusive breastfeeding rate

Question 2

The cost of implementation of 'Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana' is borne by :

Accepted Answer

Both Central Government and State Government

Answer

State Government only

Answer

Private institutions only as a part of their Corporate Social Responsibility

Answer

Central Government only

Question 3

Consider the following statements with regard to selection of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) under NRHM :

1. ASHA must be a woman preferably of age 18 to 25 years.
2. ASHA should be married.
3. ASHA must be a resident of the village.
4. ASHA may be a married, widowed or divorced woman. Which of the statements given above are correct with regard to process of selection of ASHA?

Accepted Answer

3 and 4 only

Answer

1 and 2 only

Answer

2 and 3 only

Answer

1, 2, 3 and 4

Question 4

Consider the following statements regarding the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) in India :

1. The CDSCO is headed by the Drugs Controller General (India) at the Centre.
2. The CDSCO is a part of the Directorate of Director General of Health Services.
3. The CDSCO is under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India.
4. The CDSCO has a network of several port offices for monitoring the import and export of drugs. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

1, 2 and 4

Answer

1 and 3

Answer

2 and 4 only

Answer

1 and 2 only

Question 5

In the following table, the end results of planning are qualified by brief characteristics. How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Only one of the pairs

Answer

All of the pairs

Answer

None of the pairs

Answer

Only two of the pairs

Question 6

The table given below shows three broad components under which the objectives of the National Health Policy, 2017 can be grouped, along with examples of goals/objectives under each component.

How many of the pairs shown in the table are correctly matched?

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Accepted Answer

Only one of the pairs

Answer

Only two of the pairs

Answer

All of the pairs

Answer

None of the pairs

Question 7

Consider the following statements with reference to the National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India, 2016–2030. Which of the following statements is correct?

1. The goal is to eliminate indigenous cases throughout the country by 2030.
2. By 2022, transmission of malaria is to be interrupted and indigenous cases brought to zero in all 26 States/UTs that were under Categories 1 and 2 in 2014.
3. By 2026, incidence of malaria is to be reduced to less than 1 case per 1000 population in all States and UTs, and their districts.
4. By 2030, indigenous transmission of malaria is to be interrupted in all States and UTs of India.

Accepted Answer

The goal is to eliminate indigenous cases throughout the country by 2030.

Answer

By 2026, incidence of malaria is to be reduced to less than 1 case per 1000 population in all States and UTs, and their districts.

Answer

By 2022, transmission of malaria is to be interrupted and indigenous cases brought to zero in all 26 States/UTs that were under Categories 1 and 2 in 2014.

Answer

By 2030, indigenous transmission of malaria is to be interrupted in all States and UTs of India.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true about 'End TB Strategy'?

Accepted Answer

The strategy goes beyond patient care to promote TB prevention.

Answer

The milestone for 2025 is to reduce the TB deaths by 35% compared to 2015.

Answer

The strategy identifies four barriers to achieve progress in fight against TB.

Answer

The targets are to be achieved by 2035.

Question 9

Which one of the following is not a utilization rate ?

Accepted Answer

Population bed ratio

Answer

Bed occupancy rate

Answer

Average length of stay

Answer

Bed turnover ratio

Question 10

Which of the following countries was the first to institute compulsory sickness insurance?

Accepted Answer

Germany

Answer

France

Answer

England

Answer

USA

Health Policy and Management — MCQs

Health Policy and Management — MCQs

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