Health Policy and Management Practice Questions

Q: Which analysis method categorizes items based on their expenditure, identifying a small number of high-value items and a large number of low-value items?

ABC analysis. ***ABC analysis*** - **ABC analysis** classifies inventory items into three categories (A, B, and C) based on their annual consumption value, identifying a small percentage of items that account for most of the expenditure. - **Category A** items are high-value and high-priority (typically 10-20% of items accounting for 70-80% of expenditure), while **Category C** items are low-value and low-priority (50-70% of items accounting for 5-10% of expenditure), fitting the description of a small number of high-value items and a large number of low-value items. - Based on the **Pareto principle (80/20 rule)** in inventory management. *SUS analysis* - **SUS analysis** categorizes items based on their **procurement characteristics**: **Scarce** (difficult to procure), **Urgent** (needed immediately), and **Seasonal** (required at specific times). - It focuses on availability and timing of procurement rather than expenditure or consumption value. - Does not classify items by their monetary value or identify high vs. low-value items. *HML analysis* - **HML analysis** categorizes items based on their **unit price** (High, Medium, Low), not their total expenditure or annual consumption value. - While it considers value, it doesn't prioritize items by the total financial impact or identify the expenditure pattern described in the question. *VED analysis* - **VED analysis** classifies inventory items based on their **criticality** (Vital, Essential, Desirable) for operational needs, particularly in healthcare where stockouts can have severe consequences. - It focuses on the importance of an item for function and patient care, rather than its monetary expenditure or value.

Q: In the context of malaria management, surveillance every fortnight is part of which specific programme?

Modified plan of operation. ***Modified plan of operation*** - The Modified Plan of Operation (MPO), launched in **1977**, introduced **active surveillance every fortnight** with house-to-house visits and presumptive treatment - This was the **defining characteristic** of MPO, aimed at containing perennial malaria transmission in areas where eradication failed - Objective: Reduce the Slide Positive Incidence Rate (SPIR) to **less than 2%**, indicating a strategy of control rather than eradication - Fortnightly surveillance distinguished MPO from all previous malaria programmes in India *Urban malaria scheme* - Focuses on malaria control specifically in **urban areas** with anti-larval operations and targeted case management - Does **not mandate fortnightly surveillance** as its defining characteristic - Part of broader malaria control efforts rather than a programme defined by specific surveillance frequency *National malaria control programme* - Initiated in **1953**, focused on reducing morbidity and mortality through **indoor residual spraying (IRS)** - Did **not implement fortnightly surveillance** as its primary strategy - Later replaced by National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP) in 1958 due to initial success *Malaria eradication programme* - Launched in **1958**, aimed for complete elimination through extensive residual insecticide spraying - Used **passive case detection** rather than active fortnightly house-to-house surveillance - Did not specify fortnightly surveillance with presumptive treatment like the MPO did after disease resurgence

Q: Which of the following is NOT an approach followed in revised NPCB cataract surgeries?

Fixed-site surgical treatment alone (excluding camps). ***Fixed-site surgical treatment alone (excluding camps)*** - The revised **National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCBVI)** adopts a **multi-pronged integrated approach** combining both fixed-site facilities and mobile outreach camps. - Relying **exclusively on fixed-site treatment** without mobile camps is **not the strategy** of the revised program, as this would limit access for rural and underserved populations. - The program emphasizes **both institutional capacity** (fixed sites at district hospitals and eye hospitals) **and community outreach** (mobile surgical camps) working together. *Mobile surgical camps* - **Mobile camps** are a crucial strategy in the revised NPCB to reach underserved populations in rural and remote areas. - They enhance **accessibility to care** and increase surgical coverage, particularly in areas without nearby fixed facilities. - Camps are conducted with **quality standards** and linked to fixed sites for follow-up care. *Consistent follow-up care* - **Comprehensive follow-up** is a cornerstone of the revised NPCB to ensure positive outcomes and address complications. - This includes **post-operative care protocols** at both camp and fixed-site surgeries to reduce morbidity. - Follow-up mechanisms help achieve the program's goal of **quality cataract surgery outcomes**. *Standardized distribution of resources* - The revised NPCB promotes **equitable and efficient allocation** of resources to ensure quality cataract services across regions. - This includes distribution of **equipment, consumables, trained personnel, and funding** based on need and surgical load. - Resource standardization helps maintain **quality benchmarks** across different service delivery models.

Q: In the context of Indian regulations, what is the minimum number of Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) cases a doctor must have performed to be eligible to perform an MTP?

25. ***25*** - As per the **MTP Act of India (1971)**, a registered medical practitioner needs to have assisted in or performed a minimum of **25 medical termination of pregnancies** in an approved training center to be certified to perform MTPs independently. - This regulation ensures a certain level of practical experience and competence before a doctor can perform this procedure. *10* - This number is **insufficient** according to Indian MTP regulations for a doctor to be eligible to perform MTPs independently. - The required practical experience is set higher to ensure adequate skill and safety for the procedure. *15* - This number also **falls short** of the minimum requirement stipulated by the Indian MTP Act. - The legislative framework emphasizes a more extensive practical exposure for practitioners. *35* - While performing 35 MTPs would certainly meet the experience requirement, it is **not the minimum specified** by the Indian MTP regulations. - The law requires a lower threshold of practical experience, which is 25 cases.

Q: School-based dental health care for the whole country is adopted by which of the following countries?

New Zealand. ***New Zealand*** - *New Zealand* has a well-established **school-based dental health care system** that provides comprehensive care to children and adolescents nationwide. - This program aims to ensure **equitable access** to preventive and restorative dental services for all eligible students. *USA* - The **USA** has a more fragmented dental care system, with **school-based programs** existing, but not universally implemented at a national level for the entire country. - Many programs are **locally funded or state-specific**, and access can vary significantly by region. *Sweden* - **Sweden** has a robust public dental health system that provides **subsidized or free dental care** for children and young adults, often through regular clinic visits rather than exclusively school-based models. - While children receive excellent dental care, it is not primarily delivered through a country-wide, dedicated school-based program in the same way as New Zealand. *Australia* - **Australia** has **school dental programs** and initiatives, but these are often administered at the **state or territory level**, and a uniform, country-wide school-based system for the entire country does not exist. - Access and the scope of services can **vary across different regions** of Australia.

Q: What is the proportion of wages payable as periodic cash payment under the sickness benefit of the ESI Act, relevant to medical professionals?

7/12 of the basic monthly wages. ***7/12 of the basic monthly wages*** - Under the ESI Act, the **sickness benefit** is paid as a periodic cash payment to insured persons during periods of certified sickness. - The benefit rate is **7/12 (approximately 58.33%)** of the wages for employees paid on a monthly basis. - This benefit is provided for up to **91 days in any two consecutive benefit periods** to support workers during illness. - The ESI scheme provides income security to workers and their families during periods when they cannot work due to sickness. *5/12 of the basic monthly wages* - This proportion is **incorrect** and represents only about 41.67% wage replacement. - The ESI Act specifies a higher rate to ensure adequate income support during sickness. - This lower rate would provide insufficient financial protection for insured workers. *10/12 of the basic daily wages* - This proportion is **incorrect** and uses the wrong wage basis (daily instead of monthly). - Additionally, 10/12 (83.33%) would be too high compared to the standard sickness benefit rate. - The ESI scheme balances adequate compensation with sustainability of the insurance fund. *8/12 of the basic daily wages* - This proportion is **incorrect** and also uses daily wages instead of monthly wages as the calculation basis. - The rate of 8/12 (66.67%) does not match the established sickness benefit rate under the ESI Act. - The correct rate is specifically defined for monthly wage calculations.

Q: Which of the following statements about the Urban Malaria Scheme is incorrect?

It is done in town/city with minimum 50,000 population. ***It is done in town/city with minimum 50,000 population*** - This statement is **INCORRECT** because it misrepresents the eligibility criteria for the Urban Malaria Scheme. - The actual criterion is not based solely on a minimum population threshold; rather, the scheme is implemented in **towns and cities classified as urban areas** as per Census of India definitions, which may vary. - While many urban centers targeted have populations around or exceeding 50,000, the program focuses on **malaria endemicity and urban characteristics** rather than a fixed population cutoff. *Utilization of anti-larva measures* - This is a **CORRECT** statement about the Urban Malaria Scheme. - Anti-larval measures are a cornerstone of the program, including **source reduction, larvicides, and biological control** of mosquito breeding sites. - Urban environments have specific breeding sites (construction sites, overhead tanks, etc.) that require targeted anti-larval interventions. *Introduction of active surveillance* - This is a **CORRECT** statement about the Urban Malaria Scheme. - **Active case detection** through fever surveys and surveillance is a key component for early identification and treatment of malaria cases. - Active surveillance helps prevent outbreaks in densely populated urban areas. *Slide positivity rate more than 10%* - This is a **CORRECT** statement about the Urban Malaria Scheme. - Areas with **Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) ≥ 10%** are prioritized for intensive interventions under the scheme. - High SPR indicates active transmission and helps identify high-burden urban pockets requiring focused control measures.

Question 1

Which analysis method categorizes items based on their expenditure, identifying a small number of high-value items and a large number of low-value items?

Accepted Answer

ABC analysis

Answer

SUS analysis

Answer

HML analysis

Answer

VED analysis

Question 2

In the context of malaria management, surveillance every fortnight is part of which specific programme?

Accepted Answer

Modified plan of operation

Answer

Urban malaria scheme

Answer

National malaria control programme

Answer

Malaria eradication programme

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an approach followed in revised NPCB cataract surgeries?

Accepted Answer

Fixed-site surgical treatment alone (excluding camps)

Answer

Mobile surgical camps

Answer

Consistent follow-up care

Answer

Standardized distribution of resources

Question 4

In the context of Indian regulations, what is the minimum number of Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) cases a doctor must have performed to be eligible to perform an MTP?

Accepted Answer

25

Answer

10

Answer

15

Answer

35

Question 5

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding health planning?

Accepted Answer

Creating demands for needs is essential for effective health planning.

Answer

Resource planning and implementation

Answer

Eliminating wasteful expenditure

Answer

Effective health planning focuses on addressing unmet needs.

Question 6

School-based dental health care for the whole country is adopted by which of the following countries?

Accepted Answer

New Zealand

Answer

USA

Answer

Sweden

Answer

Australia

Question 7

What is the proportion of wages payable as periodic cash payment under the sickness benefit of the ESI Act, relevant to medical professionals?

Accepted Answer

7/12 of the basic monthly wages

Answer

5/12 of the basic monthly wages

Answer

10/12 of the basic daily wages

Answer

8/12 of the basic daily wages

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the Urban Malaria Scheme is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

It is done in town/city with minimum 50,000 population

Answer

Utilization of anti-larva measures

Answer

Introduction of active surveillance

Answer

Slide positivity rate more than 10%

Health Policy and Management — MCQs

Health Policy and Management — MCQs

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