NEET-PG 2018 Practice Questions

Q: Comment on the image shown:

Arsenical keratosis. ***Arsenical keratosis*** - The image shows characteristic **raindrop pigmentation** (alternating hypo/hyperpigmented macules) and **palmar/plantar keratoses** pathognomonic of chronic **arsenic toxicity**. - Associated with **Blackfoot disease** (peripheral vascular disease) and increased risk of **skin malignancies**, distinguishing it from benign hyperkeratotic conditions. *Corn* - A corn presents as a **single, localized lesion** with a **painful central core**, unlike the multiple diffuse keratotic lesions with pigmentary changes seen here. - Corns are **friction-induced** and lack the characteristic **raindrop pigmentation** associated with arsenic exposure. *Callosity* - Callosity results from **repeated friction and pressure** causing broad, flat hyperkeratotic thickening without pigmentary changes. - It lacks the **alternating hypo/hyperpigmented macules** and **corn-like keratoses** characteristic of arsenical toxicity. *Warts* - **Viral warts** caused by **HPV** show **black puncta** (thrombosed capillaries) and **papillomatous surface** upon examination. - They present as **elevated, rough lesions** without the **raindrop pigmentation** and flat keratotic appearance of arsenical keratosis. *Cutaneous horn* - A **cutaneous horn** appears as a **solitary, conical projection** of keratin resembling an animal horn, typically on sun-exposed areas. - It presents as a **single horn-like protrusion** rather than the **multiple flat keratoses** with pigmentary changes shown in arsenical keratosis.

Q: A 24-year-old male presents with a lesion at the site shown in the image for 4 years. He says it has increased in thickness over the years. Diagnosis is:

Becker's nevus. ***Becker's nevus*** - This lesion typically presents as a **unilateral, hyperpigmented patch** that often appears during childhood or adolescence, increasing in size and thickness with associated **hypertrichosis** (increased hair growth). The image shows a large, irregularly shaped, hyperpigmented area on the torso of a young male, consistent with this description. - The history of increasing thickness over four years further supports **Becker's nevus**, as it is known to progress in thickness and texture, often becoming more indurated and sometimes verrucous. *Spitz nevus* - Spitz nevus is a benign melanocytic nevus typically presenting as a **pink or red, dome-shaped papule or nodule**, commonly on the face or limbs. - It rapidly grows but does not typically present as a large, hyperpigmented patch with associated hypertrichosis like the lesion shown. *Hyper-melanosis of Ito* - Hypermelanosis of Ito (also known as incontinentia pigmenti achromians) is characterized by **streaky or whorled hypopigmented (lighter) skin lesions**, often present at birth or in early infancy. - The image clearly shows a **hyperpigmented (darker) lesion**, which directly contradicts the characteristic hypopigmentation of hypermelanosis of Ito. *Congenital melanocytic nevus* - Congenital melanocytic nevi are typically present **at birth** or become apparent shortly thereafter. While they can be large and hyperpigmented, they usually do not have the prominent feature of increasing thickness and hypertrichosis developing many years later in adolescence or early adulthood in the same way as Becker's nevus. - The description of a lesion appearing during adolescence and increasing in thickness and hairiness for four years makes Becker's nevus a more specific diagnosis than a general congenital melanocytic nevus.

Q: Which nerve is thickened in this patient of Hansen disease?

Greater auricular. ***Greater auricular nerve*** - The image shows a **thickened, cord-like structure** indicative of a hypertrophied nerve, characteristic of **Hansen's disease (leprosy)** affecting a peripheral nerve. The location points towards the greater auricular nerve. - The **greater auricular nerve** is a common site for thickening in leprosy due to its superficial course, making it susceptible to the inflammatory response caused by *Mycobacterium leprae*. *Transverse cervical nerve* - While it is a superficial cervical nerve, involvement of the **transverse cervical nerve** in leprosy is less common or prominent for palpation compared to the greater auricular nerve. - Thickening of this nerve might present with sensory changes over the anterior neck, but it is not typically as clearly palpable as the greater auricular nerve in its common course. *Greater occipital nerve* - The **greater occipital nerve** would be located more posteriorly on the scalp and neck, supplying sensation to the posterior scalp. - Its thickening would typically cause pain or sensory changes in the occipital region, which does not align with the visibly thickened nerve shown in the image. *Lesser occipital nerve* - The **lesser occipital nerve** is also located more posteriorly and superiorly in the neck, innervating the skin behind the ear. - While it can be affected in leprosy, its anatomical position and typical presentation of thickening are distinct from the prominent cord visible in the image, which is clearly positioned more anteriorly and inferiorly near the earlobe.

Q: In the score shown below, alphabet P stands for?

Pallor severity. ***Pallor severity*** - In the context of the **APGAR score**, 'P' stands for **Pallor/Appearance**, which assesses the infant's skin color. - A healthy color (pink) indicates good oxygenation, while **pallor or cyanosis** suggests poorer perfusion and is scored lower. *Pulse rate* - **Pulse rate** is represented by the first 'A' in APGAR, which stands for **Activity** (muscle tone) or sometimes **Appearance** (skin color), not 'P'. - The 'P' in the APGAR score is specifically for the assessment of the infant's **appearance or skin color**. *Pressure* - The APGAR score does not include an assessment of **pressure** as one of its five components. - The components are **Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration**. *Physical activity* - **Physical activity** (muscle tone) is represented by the second 'A' in APGAR. - The letter 'P' in APGAR specifically refers to **pallor or appearance**.

Q: Identify the deformity seen in this child with rickets:

Genu varum (Bow legs). ***Genu varum (Bow legs)*** - The image shows the knees bowed outwards resulting in a **bow-legged appearance**, which is characteristic of **genu varum**. - **Rickets** is a common cause of genu varum, as the softened bones are unable to bear weight and bend outwards. *Genu valgum (knock knees)* - **Genu valgum** presents as the knees bending inwards, appearing to "knock" against each other, which is the opposite of what is seen in the image. - While rickets can also cause genu valgum, the depicted deformity clearly shows outward bowing. *Windswept deformity* - A **windswept deformity** involves one knee being in **valgus** (knock-kneed) and the other in **varus** (bow-legged). - The image does not show this combination; both knees appear to be bowed outwards. *Gunstock deformity* - **Gunstock deformity** is an angular deformity of the elbow, typically related to a **supracondylar humerus fracture**. - This deformity affects the upper limb and is not related to the lower limb presentation in the image.

Q: Which of the following is associated with this condition?

Edward syndrome. ***Edward syndrome*** - The image shows **rocker-bottom feet**, which is a characteristic skeletal deformity seen in Edward syndrome (**Trisomy 18**). - Rocker-bottom feet present as a **convex sole** with prominent heel and a **vertical talus**, creating a "rocker" appearance, and is one of the classic **dysmorphic features** of Trisomy 18. - Other features of Edward syndrome include **overlapping fingers** (clenched fist with index finger over third finger), **low-set malformed ears**, **micrognathia**, and **congenital heart defects**. *Turner syndrome* - Turner syndrome affects females with **absent or partial X chromosome** (45,X0), characterized by **short stature**, **webbed neck**, **lymphedema**, and **cardiac anomalies** (coarctation of aorta, bicuspid aortic valve). - Not associated with the specific **rocker-bottom feet** deformity shown in the image. *Patau syndrome* - Patau syndrome (**Trisomy 13**) may rarely have rocker-bottom feet but is more characteristically associated with **polydactyly**, **midline defects** (cleft lip/palate, holoprosencephaly), **microphthalmia**, and **scalp defects**. - The isolated **rocker-bottom feet** shown is more specific to Edward syndrome. *Down syndrome* - Down syndrome (**Trisomy 21**) is associated with **sandal gap deformity** (wide space between first and second toe) due to **hypotonia** and **ligamentous laxity**. - While Down syndrome has foot abnormalities, **rocker-bottom feet** are characteristic of **Trisomy 18** (Edward syndrome), not Trisomy 21.

Q: During evaluation of a child with Down syndrome, the following finding is noted. Identify?

Simian crease. ***Simian crease*** - The image displays a **single palmar crease** (also known as a simian crease or transverse palmar crease), which is a common physical finding in individuals with **Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)**. - This crease runs straight across the palm, often replacing the usual two major palmar creases. *Kennedy crease* - This is **not a recognized medical term** for a palmar crease or any specific dermatological finding. - The feature shown in the image is a clearly defined, single transverse palmar crease. *Sydney line* - A **Sydney line** is another type of palmar crease abnormality where the proximal transverse crease extends across the entire palm, reaching the ulnar edge. - While it is a variation of palmar creases, the crease in the image appears as a single, bold transverse crease, more consistent with a **simian crease**. *Sandal gap* - A **sandal gap** refers to a wide space between the first and second toes, sometimes seen in newborns, including those with Down syndrome. - This finding relates to the **foot**, not the hand, and is not depicted in the provided image.

Q: What is the expected karyotype in this child with the following findings and having pulmonic stenosis on Echocardiography?

46,XY. ***46,XY*** - The image depicts a child with features suggestive of **Noonan Syndrome**, characterized by widely spaced eyes, low-set ears, a short webbed neck, and **pulmonic stenosis**. - Noonan Syndrome is a **cardiofacial cutaneous syndrome** that is genetically heterogeneous; however, it typically presents with a **normal karyotype of 46,XY** for males or 46,XX for females, as it arises from mutations in genes like *PTPN11*, *SOS1*, *RAF1*, or *KRAS*, rather than chromosomal aneuploidies. *46,XX* - This karyotype represents a **normal female**. While females can have Noonan Syndrome, the general characteristic features pointing towards a male child in the provided image makes this option less likely in this specific context. - The question asks for the expected karyotype in "this child," implying a specific gender based on the drawing; however, if the child were female with Noonan Syndrome, 46,XX would be expected. *45,X* - This karyotype corresponds to **Turner Syndrome**, which typically affects females and is characterized by features such as **short stature**, a webbed neck, and **coarctation of the aorta** (not pulmonic stenosis). - While there is some phenotypic overlap (e.g., webbed neck), the presence of pulmonic stenosis and other facial features are more consistent with Noonan syndrome, which is not associated with a monosomy of the X chromosome. *47,XXY* - This karyotype represents **Klinefelter Syndrome**, which affects males and is characterized by **tall stature**, **hypogonadism**, and **gynecomastia**. - The features in the image, including the **facial dysmorphism** and **pulmonic stenosis**, are inconsistent with the typical presentation of Klinefelter Syndrome.

Q: Which condition is characterized by the sign shown in the image?

Kwashiorkor. ***Kwashiorkor*** - The image shows sparse, dry, and discolored hair, sometimes described as having a **"flag sign"** due to alternating bands of light and dark hair, which is characteristic of **protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)**, specifically kwashiorkor. - Kwashiorkor results from a severe protein deficiency with relatively adequate calorie intake, leading to hair changes, **edema**, and a distended abdomen. *Marasmus* - Marasmus is characterized by severe muscle wasting and loss of subcutaneous fat due to a deficiency in both protein and overall calorie intake, but **hair changes are less prominent** than in kwashiorkor. - Individuals with marasmus appear incredibly emaciated and "skeletal" but typically do not exhibit the same degree of hair discoloration or edema. *Pellagra* - Pellagra is caused by a deficiency of **niacin (vitamin B3)** and is characterized by the "3 Ds": **dermatitis**, **diarrhea**, and **dementia**. - While it can affect hair quality, it does not typically present with the specific hair changes, such as the "flag sign," seen in the image. *None of above* - The distinct hair abnormalities depicted in the image are highly suggestive of a specific nutritional deficiency, making "None of the above" incorrect.

Q: In a child with rickets which part of the bone is affected?

C. ***C*** - C points to the **growth plate (physis) and metaphyseal region**, which is the **primary site of pathology in rickets**. - Rickets causes defective mineralization at the growth plate where endochondral ossification occurs, leading to accumulation of unmineralized osteoid and disorganized chondrocyte columns. - The **metaphysis** (the region including the growth plate) shows the characteristic radiological findings: widening, fraying, cupping, and loss of sharp margins. *A* - A indicates the **diaphysis** (shaft of the bone), which consists of mature cortical bone. - The diaphysis is **not primarily affected** in rickets, though severe cases may lead to bowing deformities due to bone softening. - The initial and primary pathological changes occur at the actively growing regions, not the shaft. *B* - B points to the **metaphysis**, which is the flared region of long bone adjacent to the growth plate. - The metaphysis is indeed significantly affected in rickets, showing widening and irregular mineralization. - However, if the image distinguishes between the broader metaphyseal region (B) and the specific growth plate zone (C), then C represents the more precise site where the pathological process of defective mineralization originates. *D* - D points to the **epiphysis**, the rounded end of the long bone that forms part of the joint. - The epiphysis consists of already-formed bone and is **not the primary site** of rickets pathology. - Rickets affects the zone of provisional calcification at the growth plate, not the pre-existing epiphyseal bone.

Question 1

Comment on the image shown:

Accepted Answer

Arsenical keratosis

Answer

Corn

Answer

Callosity

Answer

Warts

Answer

Cutaneous horn

Question 2

A 24-year-old male presents with a lesion at the site shown in the image for 4 years. He says it has increased in thickness over the years. Diagnosis is:

Accepted Answer

Becker's nevus

Answer

Spitz nevus

Answer

Hyper-melanosis of Ito

Answer

Congenital melanocytic nevus

Question 3

Which nerve is thickened in this patient of Hansen disease?

Accepted Answer

Greater auricular

Answer

Transverse cervical nerve

Answer

Greater occipital nerve

Answer

Lesser occipital nerve

Question 4

In the score shown below, alphabet P stands for?

Accepted Answer

Pallor severity

Answer

Pulse rate

Answer

Pressure

Answer

Physical activity

Question 5

Identify the deformity seen in this child with rickets:

Accepted Answer

Genu varum (Bow legs)

Answer

Genu valgum (knock knees)

Answer

Windswept deformity

Answer

Gunstock deformity

Question 6

Which of the following is associated with this condition?

Accepted Answer

Edward syndrome

Answer

Turner syndrome

Answer

Patau syndrome

Answer

Down syndrome

Question 7

During evaluation of a child with Down syndrome, the following finding is noted. Identify?

Accepted Answer

Simian crease

Answer

Kennedy crease

Answer

Sydney line

Answer

Sandal gap

Question 8

What is the expected karyotype in this child with the following findings and having pulmonic stenosis on Echocardiography?

Accepted Answer

46,XY

Answer

46,XX

Answer

45,X

Answer

47,XXY

Question 9

Which condition is characterized by the sign shown in the image?

Accepted Answer

Kwashiorkor

Answer

Marasmus

Answer

Pellagra

Answer

None of above

Question 10

In a child with rickets which part of the bone is affected?

Accepted Answer

C

Answer

A

Answer

B

Answer

D

NEET-PG 2018

Dermatology

General Medicine

Orthopaedics

Pediatrics