Anatomy
8 questionsWhich of the following statements about the blood supply of the kidney is NOT true?
Superior gluteal nerve does not supply?
Which of the following is a derivative of ventral mesogastrium ?
Which of the following vessels runs through the transverse mesocolon?
Which of the following muscles is not supplied by the femoral nerve?
Which of the following statements is true about the anatomy of the great saphenous vein?
Which of the following is not a posterior relation of the right kidney?
Floor of Petit triangle is formed by?
NEET-PG 2015 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 81: Which of the following statements about the blood supply of the kidney is NOT true?
- A. Right renal artery passes behind IVC
- B. Branches of renal artery are end arteries
- C. Renal vein drains into IVC
- D. Renal artery is a branch of common iliac artery (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Renal artery is a branch of common iliac artery.*** - The **renal arteries** originate directly from the **abdominal aorta**, not the common iliac arteries. - The common iliac arteries branch subsequently from the **abdominal aorta** lower down to supply the pelvis and lower limbs. *Renal vein drains into IVC* - The **renal veins** are responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the kidneys and typically empty directly into the **inferior vena cava (IVC)** [1]. - This is a correct anatomical relationship, essential for returning filtered blood to systemic circulation. *Right renal artery passes behind IVC* - The **right renal artery** typically originates from the aorta and passes **posterior to the inferior vena cava (IVC)** to reach the right kidney. - This anatomical arrangement is correct due to the position of the aorta and IVC relative to the kidneys. *Branches of renal artery are end arteries* - The intralobar and interlobar branches of the renal artery are considered **functional end arteries**, meaning they provide the sole blood supply to the kidney segments they perfuse. - This characteristic makes the kidney particularly susceptible to **ischemic damage** if these arteries are occluded, as there is little to no collateral circulation.
Question 82: Superior gluteal nerve does not supply?
- A. Tensor fasciae latae
- B. Gluteus medius
- C. Gluteus minimus
- D. Gluteus maximus (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Gluteus maximus*** - The **gluteus maximus** muscle is primarily innervated by the **inferior gluteal nerve** (L5, S1, S2), not the superior gluteal nerve. - Its main actions include **extension** and **external rotation** of the hip. *Tensor fasciae latae* - The **tensor fasciae latae** is innervated by the **superior gluteal nerve** (L4, L5, S1). - This muscle helps in **flexion**, **abduction**, and **internal rotation** of the hip. *Gluteus medius* - The **gluteus medius** muscle receives its innervation from the **superior gluteal nerve** (L4, L5, S1). - It is a primary **abductor** and **internal rotator** of the hip, crucial for pelvic stability. *Gluteus minimus* - The **gluteus minimus** is also innervated by the **superior gluteal nerve** (L4, L5, S1). - Its functions are similar to the gluteus medius, including **abduction** and **internal rotation** of the hip.
Question 83: Which of the following is a derivative of ventral mesogastrium ?
- A. Lesser omentum (Correct Answer)
- B. Splenorenal ligament
- C. Greater omentum
- D. Gastrosplenic ligament
Explanation: ***Lesser omentum*** - The **lesser omentum** is formed from the **ventral mesogastrium**, which connects the developing stomach to the anterior abdominal wall [1]. - It specifically derives from the part of the ventral mesogastrium that encloses the developing liver and extends to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the duodenum [1]. *Greater omentum* - The **greater omentum** develops from the **dorsal mesogastrium**, which means it is a derivative of the dorsal rather than the ventral mesentery [1]. - It arises from a rapid growth and fusion of the **dorsal mesogastrium**, hanging from the greater curvature of the stomach. *Splenorenal ligament* - The **splenorenal ligament** develops from the **dorsal mesogastrium**, specifically from the portion that connects the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall (near the kidney). - Its formation is a consequence of the rotation of the stomach and the development of the spleen within the dorsal mesentery. *Gastrosplenic ligament* - The **gastrosplenic ligament** is also derived from the **dorsal mesogastrium**, connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the hilum of the spleen. - As the stomach rotates, the dorsal mesogastrium expands, eventually forming both the gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments.
Question 84: Which of the following vessels runs through the transverse mesocolon?
- A. Right colic artery
- B. Left colic artery
- C. Middle colic artery (Correct Answer)
- D. Iliocolic artery
Explanation: * **Middle colic artery** - The **middle colic artery** arises from the superior mesenteric artery and supplies the **transverse colon**, traversing between the two layers of the **transverse mesocolon** [1]. - Its location within the mesocolon makes it susceptible to injury during surgical procedures involving the transverse colon [2]. * *Right colic artery* - The **right colic artery** supplies the **ascending colon** and the right colic flexure, typically lying within retroperitoneal tissue and not the transverse mesocolon itself [2]. - It arises from the superior mesenteric artery but branches to supply structures primarily to the right side of the abdominal cavity. * *Left colic artery* - The **left colic artery** arises from the **inferior mesenteric artery** and supplies the descending colon and the left colic flexure [1]. - This vessel is located within the retroperitoneum and is not associated with the transverse mesocolon. * *Iliocolic artery* - The **iliocolic artery** is a terminal branch of the superior mesenteric artery, supplying the **ileum, cecum, appendix**, and beginning of the ascending colon. - It descends retroperitoneally to reach these structures and does not traverse the transverse mesocolon.
Question 85: Which of the following muscles is not supplied by the femoral nerve?
- A. Pectineus
- B. Sartorius
- C. Vastus medialis
- D. Obturator externus (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Obturator externus*** - The **obturator externus** muscle is primarily supplied by the **obturator nerve** (L3-L4), which arises from the lumbar plexus, not the femoral nerve. - Its main function is the **lateral rotation of the thigh** at the hip joint. *Pectineus* - The **pectineus** muscle receives dual innervation, typically from both the **femoral nerve** (L2-L4) and the obturator nerve. - It aids in **adduction**, **flexion**, and **medial rotation** of the thigh. *Sartorius* - The **sartorius** muscle is entirely supplied by the **femoral nerve** (L2-L3). - It is responsible for **flexing, abducting, and laterally rotating the thigh** at the hip, and flexing the leg at the knee. *Vastus medialis* - The **vastus medialis** is one of the four muscles forming the quadriceps femoris group, all of which are exclusively supplied by the **femoral nerve** (L2-L4). - This muscle is crucial for **extending the leg** at the knee joint.
Question 86: Which of the following statements is true about the anatomy of the great saphenous vein?
- A. Ends at the femoral vein 2.5 cm below the inguinal ligament.
- B. Ascends anterior to the medial malleolus. (Correct Answer)
- C. Starts as a continuation of the medial marginal vein.
- D. There are usually more than 5 valves below the knee.
Explanation: ***Ascends anterior to the medial malleolus.*** - The **great saphenous vein (GSV)** originates on the dorsum of the foot and passes **anterior to the medial malleolus** to ascend the medial side of the leg [1]. - This anatomical landmark is **consistently present** and crucial for identifying the vein during clinical procedures such as venous cutdown and physical examination [1]. - The GSV continues to ascend along the medial aspect of the leg and thigh to terminate at the saphenofemoral junction. *Ends at the femoral vein 2.5 cm below the inguinal ligament.* - The GSV terminates by joining the **femoral vein** at the **saphenofemoral junction** in the femoral triangle. - This junction is located approximately **3-4 cm below and lateral to the pubic tubercle**, not simply 2.5 cm below the inguinal ligament. - The precise location varies among individuals. *Starts as a continuation of the medial marginal vein.* - The GSV is formed by the union of the **dorsal vein of the great toe** and the **dorsal venous arch** of the foot. - While the **medial marginal vein** is part of the superficial venous system of the foot and contributes to the dorsal venous arch, it is not accurate to say the GSV is a direct continuation of the medial marginal vein alone. *There are usually more than 5 valves below the knee.* - While this statement might seem plausible, there is **significant individual variation** in valve numbers. - The GSV typically has **5-10 valves below the knee**, meaning some individuals have exactly 5, while others have more. - The phrase "usually more than 5" is **imprecise** and not universally true, making it an incorrect statement for exam purposes. - In contrast, the anterior position relative to the medial malleolus is a **constant anatomical feature** [1].
Question 87: Which of the following is not a posterior relation of the right kidney?
- A. Subcostal nerve
- B. Diaphragm
- C. 11th rib (Correct Answer)
- D. Ilioinguinal nerve
Explanation: ***11th rib*** - The right kidney typically extends from the 12th thoracic vertebra to the 3rd lumbar vertebra, usually covered by the **12th rib**. - The **11th rib** is usually a posterior relation of the **left kidney**, due to the lower position of the right kidney compared to the left kidney. *Diaphragm* - The diaphragm lies **posterior** to both the right and left kidneys, separating them from the pleura and lungs. - This anatomical relationship means that renal procedures or severe kidney infections can sometimes affect the thoracic cavity. *Subcostal nerve* - The **subcostal nerve** (T12) runs inferior to the 12th rib and passes **posterior** to both kidneys. - It provides sensory innervation to the skin and motor innervation to abdominal muscles. *Ilioinguinal nerve* - The **ilioinguinal nerve** (L1) emerges from the lumbar plexus and travels **posterior** to the inferior pole of both kidneys [1]. - It primarily provides sensory innervation to the groin and parts of the external genitalia.
Question 88: Floor of Petit triangle is formed by?
- A. Internal oblique muscle (Correct Answer)
- B. Sacrospinalis muscle
- C. Rectus abdominis muscle
- D. Fascia Transversalis layer
Explanation: ***Internal oblique muscle*** - The **Petit triangle** (lumbar triangle) is a landmark defined by the **latissimus dorsi posteriorly**, the **external oblique anteriorly**, and the **iliac crest inferiorly**. - Its **floor** is consistently formed by the **internal oblique muscle**, which lies deep to the external oblique [1]. *Sacrospinalis muscle* - The **sacrospinalis muscle** (erector spinae) is part of the deep back muscles, located medial to the Petit triangle. - It forms part of the **vertebral column's musculature** and is not directly associated with the floor of the Petit triangle. *Rectus abdominis muscle* - The **rectus abdominis muscle** is located medially in the anterior abdominal wall [1]. - It is distinct from the lateral abdominal wall muscles that form the boundaries and floor of the Petit triangle. *Fascia Transversalis layer* - The **fascia transversalis** is a deeper fascial layer lining the abdominal wall. - While it's deep to the internal oblique, the **muscle itself** forms the immediate anatomical floor of the Petit triangle.
Orthopaedics
1 questionsWhat is the characteristic upper limb deformity seen in Erb's palsy?
NEET-PG 2015 - Orthopaedics NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 81: What is the characteristic upper limb deformity seen in Erb's palsy?
- A. Adduction and lateral rotation of arm
- B. Adduction and medial rotation of arm (Correct Answer)
- C. Abduction and lateral rotation of arm
- D. Abduction and medial rotation of arm
Explanation: ***Adduction and medial rotation of arm*** - Erb's palsy, resulting from injury to the **upper brachial plexus** (C5-C6 nerve roots), primarily affects the **deltoid**, **supraspinatus**, **infraspinatus**, and **biceps** muscles. - The unopposed action of unaffected muscles, such as the **pectoris major** and **latissimus dorsi**, leads to the characteristic **waiter's tip position**, involving **adduction** and **medial rotation** of the arm. *Adduction and lateral rotation of arm* - This position would imply weakness of the **pectoralis major** and **latissimus dorsi** and stronger activity of the **infraspinatus** and **teres minor**, which is contrary to the muscle deficits in Erb's palsy. - **Lateral rotation** of the arm is typically impaired in Erb's palsy due to weakness of the **infraspinatus** and **teres minor**. *Abduction and lateral rotation of arm* - **Abduction** is severely impacted in Erb's palsy due to paralysis of the **deltoid** and **supraspinatus**. - This position would suggest intact function of muscles that are explicitly weakened or paralyzed in Erb's palsy. *Abduction and medial rotation of arm* - While **medial rotation** can be a component of the deformity, **abduction** is a movement that is significantly impaired in Erb's palsy, making this option incorrect. - The inability to abduct the arm is a hallmark of the condition due to weakness of the **deltoid** and **supraspinatus**.
Physiology
1 questionsLabour pain in uterus is carried by
NEET-PG 2015 - Physiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 81: Labour pain in uterus is carried by
- A. Sympathetic nerves (Correct Answer)
- B. Pudendal nerve
- C. Parasympathetic nerves
- D. Splanchnic nerve
Explanation: ***Sympathetic nerves*** - Pain signals from the **uterus** during the first stage of labor (cervical dilation and uterine contractions) are transmitted via **visceral afferent fibers that accompany the sympathetic nerves** through the **hypogastric plexus**. - These fibers synapse in the **thoracolumbar spinal cord** at **T10-L1 segments**, leading to referred pain in these dermatomes. - The pathway is: Uterus → Uterine plexus → Superior hypogastric plexus → Sympathetic chain → T10-L1 dorsal roots. *Splanchnic nerve* - While visceral afferents do travel with splanchnic nerves in the thoracoabdominal region, for **uterine pain** specifically, the standard medical terminology refers to **sympathetic nerves** and the **hypogastric plexus** as the primary pathway. - Splanchnic nerves typically refer to thoracic sympathetic contributions (T5-T12) to upper abdominal viscera. *Pudendal nerve* - The **pudendal nerve (S2-S4)** primarily innervates the perineum, external genitalia, and pelvic floor structures. - It transmits pain during the **second stage of labor**, particularly with stretching of the perineum and vaginal distension, but **not from the uterus itself**. *Parasympathetic nerves* - **Parasympathetic innervation (S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves)** to the uterus influences motor function but does **not transmit nociceptive (pain) signals** during labor. - These nerves are involved in visceral reflexes and efferent control, not the primary afferent pain pathway.