Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 2761: Identify the **early diastolic** heart sound best heard at the **apex** with the **bell** in the **left lateral decubitus** position.

Answer: S3 gallop

Flashcard 2762: What is the most common cause of IgG-mediated immune hemolytic anemia? _____

Answer: Idiopathic

Flashcard 2763: The _____ phenomenon often occurs in patients with toxic adenomas and a drug administered with a high iodine content

Answer: Jod-Basedow

Flashcard 2764: What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in long-standing (severe) postrenal azotemia?

Answer: > 2% (elevated)

Extra: In early postrenal azotemia, tubular function is initially preserved, so FENa is < 1% (mimicking prerenal azotemia). With prolonged (long-standing) obstruction, pressure-induced tubular damage occurs (similar to acute tubular necrosis), resulting in an inability to concentrate urine and reabsorb sodium, leading to a FENa > 2%.

Flashcard 2765: Chronic kidney transplant rejection typically presents as _____

Answer: chronic allograft nephropathy

Flashcard 2766: In elderly patients with suspected dementia, a _____ test should be administered to exclude neurosyphilis if there's high clinical suspicion

Answer: RPR

Flashcard 2767: In a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome, will repair of the precipitating cardiac defect prevent pulmonary vascular sclerosis from becoming irreversible?

Answer: No

Extra: By the time Eisenmenger syndrome develops, the pulmonary vascular disease (sclerosis) is already irreversible. At this stage, surgical repair of the underlying cardiac defect is contraindicated because the right-to-left shunt serves as a "pressure release valve" for the high pulmonary pressures; closing it would lead to acute right heart failure.

Flashcard 2768: A collapsed lung may present as a _____ on chest x-ray

Answer: completely opacified hemithorax

Flashcard 2769: Tabes dorsalis is associated with paroxysmal _____

Answer: lightning pains

Flashcard 2770: Mitral stenosis is usually due to _____ disease

Answer: chronic rheumatic valve