Endocrinology & Diabetes UK Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Endocrinology & Diabetes with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Endocrinology & Diabetes Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 61: What is the HbA1c threshold for Diabetes?
Answer: ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol)
Extra: ADA criteria for Diabetes diagnosis:
- HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
- Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)
- 2-hour Plasma Glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT
- Random Plasma Glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL in a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis.
Flashcard 62: What should people with Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) be offered ?
Answer:
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Flashcard 63: What is the normal (non-diabetic) HbA1c range? (IFCC units)
Answer: Normal: <42 mmol/mol (6.0%)\nPrediabetes: 42–47 mmol/mol (6.0–6.4%)\nDiabetes: ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%)
Extra: In most guidelines (NICE/WHO), a normal HbA1c is considered below 42 mmol/mol (6.0%). The diagnostic threshold for diabetes is ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%). \n\nNote: HbA1c targets for patients *with* diabetes are generally higher (e.g., 53 mmol/mol), but 'normal' glycemic control refers to the non-diabetic range.
Flashcard 64: What should all diabetic patients with a urinary ACR of 3mg/mmol be started on?
Answer:
• ACE inhibitors
• ARBs
Flashcard 65: What is the pre-diabetes glycaemic control HbA1c range?
Answer: 42-47 mmol/mol (6.0-6.4%)
Extra: Note: In the US (ADA guidelines), the pre-diabetes range starts slightly lower at 5.7% (39 mmol/mol).
Flashcard 66: What is the management of DKA?
Answer: 1. 0.9% Saline
2. IV Insulin infusion
3. 10% Dextrose infusion (once blood glucose <14 mmol/l)
4. Potassium
Flashcard 67: The causes of _____ anion gap metabolic acidosis may be remembered with the mnemonic MUDPILES:
M = Methanol (toxic alcohol → formic acid)
U = Uremia (renal failure → retention of uremic toxins)
D = Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (accumulation of ketones)
P = Propylene glycol
I = Isoniazid or Iron overdose
L = Lactic acidosis
E = Ethylene glycol (toxic alcohol → oxalic acid)
S = Salicylates (aspirin overdose)
Answer: raised
Flashcard 68: _____ is caused by increased production/ingestion of H+ or loss of HCO3-
Answer: Metabolic acidosis
Flashcard 69: What is the initial investigation for Carcinoid Syndrome?
Answer:
• Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
Flashcard 70: Patient presents with fatigue, erectile dysfunction and arthralgia?
Answer:
• Haemochromatosis
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