Endocrinology & Diabetes — Flashcards

Flashcard 601: Pre-diabetic/high risk HbA1c range is _____

Answer: 42 to 47 mmol/mol

Flashcard 602: Cushing's syndrome can be unrelated to ACTH. The most common cause is _____

Answer: steroids

Flashcard 603: Cushing's syndrome may show a _____ upon ABG testing

Answer: hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis

Flashcard 604: Type 2 diabetes target HbA1c levels: Lifestyle alone → _____ Lifestyle + Metformin → 48 mmol/mol Lifestyle + Hypoglycaemia causing drug → 53 mmol/mol Already on 1 drug but HbA1c has risen to 58 mmol/mol → 53 mmol/mol + intensify drug treatment

Answer: 48 mmol/mol

Extra: Summary of NICE HbA1c targets for T2DM: - Lifestyle/Metformin monotherapy: Target 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) - Drug associated with hypoglycemia (e.g. Sulfonylurea): Target 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) - Intensification threshold: If HbA1c rises to 58 mmol/mol (7.5%), intensify treatment to reach 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) target.

Flashcard 605: Patients with suspected Cushing's syndrome who do not experience suppressed cortisol and ACTH following high dose dexamethasone suppression test are likely to have _____

Answer: ectopic ACTH syndrome

Flashcard 606: First-line management of type 2 diabetes without CVD is _____.

Answer: standard release metformin

Flashcard 607: Pseudo-cushing's can mimic Cushing's syndrome and is usually due to _____ or severe depression

Answer: excessive alcohol

Flashcard 608: Patients who do not tolerate metformin should be switched to _____

Answer: modified release metformin

Flashcard 609: What is the 2nd line management of T2DM if HbA1c is _____ while on metformin? Dual therapy (metformin + DPP-4i/pioglitazone/sulfonylurea/SGLT-2i)

Answer: >48

Flashcard 610: _____ should not be added to T2DM treatment until metformin has been titrated up to the final dose

Answer: SGLT2 inhibitors