Endocrinology & Diabetes UK Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Endocrinology & Diabetes with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Endocrinology & Diabetes Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 51: Hypoglycaemia with High Insulin levels, but Low C-peptide?
Answer:
• Exogenous Insulin Administration
• aka Insulin Overdose
Flashcard 52: What is the first-line investigation in suspected primary hyperaldosteronism?
Answer:
• Aldosterone/renin ratio
Flashcard 53: What is the maximum dose of metformin in T2DM management?
Answer: 2550 mg/day (often rounded to 2.5g) for immediate release; 2000 mg/day for extended release.
Extra: Standard dosing usually starts at 500mg once or twice daily and is titrated up. The FDA-approved maximum for immediate-release metformin is 2550 mg/day given in divided doses.
Flashcard 54: What diabetes medication may cause fluid retention?
Answer:
• Pioglitazone
*Thiazolidinedione
Flashcard 55: What should be done to an Addison's patients steroid replacement during intercurrent illness?
Answer:
• Double the glucocorticoids
• Keep fludrocortisone the same
*during illness the body usually increases cortisol production as a stress response
Flashcard 56: What is the next step in imaging for a patient with biochemically confirmed Cushing's Syndrome?
Answer: Imaging depends on the etiology (after biochemical confirmation):
- Cushing Disease (Pituitary): MRI Brain/Pituitary
- Adrenal Cushing: CT Adrenals
- Ectopic ACTH: CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis
Extra: Cushing's syndrome imaging should only be performed AFTER biochemical confirmation of hypercortisolism.
1. If ACTH is low (<5 pg/ml) -> ACTH-independent -> CT Adrenals.
2. If ACTH is high (>20 pg/ml) -> ACTH-dependent -> MRI Pituitary (first-line).
'CT Adrenals' alone is incorrect as the most common cause of endogenous Cushing's is a pituitary adenoma (Cushing Disease).
Flashcard 57: What would excess PTH do to Calcium and Phosphate levels?
Answer:
• Calcium raised
• Phosphate low
Flashcard 58: Which diabetes medication may have to be stopped in AKI due
to risk of toxicity (but doesn’t usually worsen AKI itself)?
Answer: Metformin
Flashcard 59: With hypercalcaemia caused by malignancy, what will PTH and PTHrP be?
Answer:
• PTH low -> negative feedback of hypercalcaemia
• PTHrP high -> released from the tumour e.g. sqamous cell lung cancer
Flashcard 60: What should people with Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) be offered ?
Answer:
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
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