Autonomic/CV Drugs — MCQs

While walking through a park with his wife, a 51-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus develops nausea, sweating, pallor, and palpitations. For the past 3 weeks, he has been trying to lose weight and has adjusted his diet and activity level. He eats a low-carb diet and swims 3 times a week. The man returned home from a training session 2 hours ago. Current medications include basal insulin and metformin. Shortly before his wife returns from their car with his emergency medication kit, he becomes unconscious. Administration of which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 66-year-old man with coronary artery disease and hypertension comes to the emergency department because of intermittent retrosternal chest pain, lightheadedness, and palpitations. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 39 years. His pulse is 140/min and irregularly irregular, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 108/60 mm Hg. An ECG shows an irregular, narrow-complex tachycardia with absent P waves. A drug with which of the following mechanisms of action is most likely to be effective in the long-term prevention of embolic stroke in this patient?

A 67-year-old male presents to the emergency department with sudden onset shortness of breath and epigastric pain. The patient has a past medical history of GERD, obesity, diabetes mellitus type II, anxiety, glaucoma, and irritable bowel syndrome. His current medications include omeprazole, insulin, metformin, lisinopril, and clonazepam as needed. The patient's temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), pulse is 112/min, blood pressure is 90/70 mmHg, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. On physical exam the patient's lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. JVD is notable and cardiac auscultation is not revealing. An EKG is obtained in the emergency department. The patient is given a bolus of fluids and his pulse becomes 80/min with a blood pressure of 105/75 mmHg. The patient is then started on beta-blockers, oxygen, nitroglycerin, morphine, IV fluids, and aspirin. Repeat vitals demonstrate a blood pressure of 80/65 mmHg. Which of the following is the best explanation of this patient's current vital signs?

A 34-year-old woman presents to the physician because of fever and sore throat for 2 days. She also reports generalized body pain and fatigue over this period. She was diagnosed with Graves’ disease 6 months ago. Because of arthralgias and rash due to methimazole 3 months ago, her physician switched methimazole to PTU. She appears ill. The vital signs include: temperature 38.4℃ (101.1℉), pulse 88/min, respiratory rate 12/min, and blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg. A 1 × 1 cm ulcer is seen on the side of the tongue and is painful with surrounding erythema. Examination of the neck, lungs, heart, and abdomen shows no abnormalities. She had normal liver aminotransferases last week. Which of the following is the most important diagnostic study at this time?

An 11-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department after she fell during a dance class. She was unable to stand after the accident and has a painful and swollen knee. On presentation she says that she has had 2 previous swollen joints as well as profuse bleeding after minor cuts. Based on her presentation, a panel of bleeding tests is obtained with the following results: Bleeding time: 11 minutes Prothrombin time: 12 seconds Partial thromboplastin time: 52 seconds Which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating this patient's condition?

A 33-year-old man presents to the emergency department with agitation and combativeness. The paramedics who brought him in say that he was demonstrating violent, reckless behavior and was running into oncoming traffic. Chemical sedation is required to evaluate the patient. Physical examination reveals horizontal and vertical nystagmus, tachycardia, and profuse diaphoresis. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent in this patient?

A 46-year-old male with a history of recurrent deep venous thromboses on warfarin presents to his hematologist for a follow-up visit. He reports that he feels well and has no complaints. His INR at his last visit was 2.5 while his current INR is 4.0. His past medical history is also notable for recent diagnoses of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. He also has severe seasonal allergies. He reports that since his last visit, he started multiple new medications at the recommendation of his primary care physician. Which of the following medications was this patient likely started on?

A 35-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for recurrent deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of her left lower extremity. She is a vegetarian and often struggles to maintain an adequate intake of non-animal based protein. She currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a glass of wine per day, and currently denies any illicit drug use, although she endorses a history of heroin use (injection). Her past medical history is significant for 4 prior admissions for lower extremity swelling and pain that resulted in diagnoses of deep venous thrombosis. Her vital signs include: temperature, 36.7°C (98.0°F); blood pressure, 126/74 mm Hg; heart rate, 87/min; and respiratory rate, 16/min. On physical examination, her pulses are bounding, the patient's complexion is pale, breath sounds are clear, and heart sounds are normal. The spleen is mildly enlarged. She is admitted for DVT treatment and a full hypercoagulability workup. Which of the following is the best initial management for this patient?

A 67-year-old man presents to his physician with increased thirst and polyuria for the past 4 months. Patient also notes a decrease in his vision for the past 6 months and tingling in his feet. The medical history is significant for a chronic pyelonephritis and stage 2 chronic kidney disease. The current medications include losartan and atorvastatin. He reports a daily alcohol intake of 3 glasses of whiskey. The blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg and the heart rate is 63/min. The BMI is 35.4 kg/m2. On physical examination, there is 2+ pitting edema of the lower legs and face. The pulmonary, cardiac, and abdominal examinations are within normal limits. There is no costovertebral angle tenderness noted. Ophthalmoscopy shows numerous microaneurysms and retinal hemorrhages concentrated in the fundus. The neurological examination reveals a symmetric decrease in vibration and 2 point discrimination in the patient’s feet and legs extending up to the lower third of the calves. The ankle-deep tendon reflexes are decreased bilaterally. The laboratory test results are as follows: Serum glucose (fasting) 140 mg/dL HbA1c 8.5% BUN 27 mg/dL Serum creatinine 1.3 mg/dL eGFR 55 mL/min The patient is prescribed the first-line drug recommended for his condition. Which of the following side effect is associated with this drug?

A 50-year-old woman comes to the physician because of palpitations and irritability. Over the past 4 months, she has had several episodes of heart racing and skipping beats that lasted between 30 seconds and several hours. She has also been arguing with her husband more, often about the temperature being too warm. The patient has also lost 8.8-kg (19.4-lb) over the past 4 months, despite being less strict with her diet. She has mild asthma treated with inhaled bronchodilators. Her pulse is 102/min and blood pressure is 148/98 mm Hg. On physical examination, the skin is warm and moist. A mass is palpated in the anterior neck area. On laboratory studies, thyroid stimulating hormone is undetectable and there are antibodies against the thyrotropin-receptor. Thyroid scintigraphy shows diffusely increased iodine uptake. Two weeks later, a single oral dose of radioactive iodine is administered. This patient will most likely require which of the following in the long-term?