Autonomic/CV Drugs — MCQs

A 72-year-old woman with a history of atrial fibrillation on warfarin, diabetes, seizure disorder and recent MRSA infection is admitted to the hospital. She subsequently begins therapy with another drug and is found to have a supratherapeutic International Normalized Ratio (INR). Which of the following drugs is likely contributing to this patient's elevated INR?

A 42-year-old man presents to his family physician for evaluation of oral pain. He states that he has increasing pain in a molar on the top left of his mouth. The pain started 1 week ago and has been progressively worsening since then. His medical history is significant for hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, both of which are currently controlled with lifestyle modifications. His blood pressure is 124/86 mm Hg, heart rate is 86/min, and respiratory rate is 14/min. Physical examination is notable for a yellow-black discoloration of the second molar on his left upper mouth. The decision is made to refer him to a dentist for further management of this cavity. The patient has never had any dental procedures and is nervous about what type of sedation will be used. Which of the following forms of anesthesia utilizes solely an oral or intravenous anti-anxiety medication?

A 23-year-old male presents with complaints of polydipsia and frequent, large-volume urination. Laboratory testing does not demonstrate any evidence of diabetes; however, a reduced urine osmolality of 120 mOsm/L is measured. Which of the following findings on a desmopressin test would be most consistent with a diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus?

A 52-year-old man is seen by his endocrinologist for routine followup of his type 2 diabetes. Although he has previously been on a number of medication regimens, his A1C has remained significantly elevated. In order to try to better control his glucose level, the endocrinologist prescribes a new medication. He explains that this new medication works by blocking the ability of his kidneys to reabsorb glucose and therefore causes glucose wasting in the urine. Which of the following medications has this mechanism of action?

A 25-year-old woman presents to her college campus clinic with the complaint of being unable to get up for her morning classes. She says that, because of this, her grades are being affected. For the past 6 weeks, she says she has been feeling depressed because her boyfriend dumped her. She finds herself very sleepy, sleeping in most mornings, eating more snacks and fast foods, and feeling drained of energy. She is comforted by her friend’s efforts to cheer her up but still feels guarded around any other boy that shows interest in her. The patient says she had similar symptoms 7 years ago for which she was prescribed several selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). However, none of the medications provided any long-term relief. She has prescribed a trial of Phenelzine to treat her symptoms. Past medical history is significant for a long-standing seizure disorder well managed with phenytoin. Which of the following statements would most likely be relevant to this patient’s new medication?

A 54-year-old male has a history of gout complicated by several prior episodes of acute gouty arthritis and 3 prior instances of nephrolithiasis secondary to uric acid stones. He has a serum uric acid level of 11 mg/dL (normal range 3-8 mg/dL), a 24 hr urine collection of 1300 mg uric acid (normal range 250-750 mg), and a serum creatinine of 0.8 mg/dL with a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Which of the following drugs should be avoided in this patient?

A 28-year-old woman has a follow-up visit with her physician. She was diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma at 11 years of age. Her regular controller medications include daily high-dose inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast, but she still needs to use a rescue inhaler 3–4 times a week following exercise. She also becomes breathless with moderate exertion. After a thorough evaluation, the physician explains that her medication dosages need to be increased. She declines taking oral corticosteroids daily due to concerns about side effects. The physician prescribes omalizumab, which is administered subcutaneously every 3 weeks. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of action of the new medication that has been added to the controller medications?

A 34-year-old man was brought into the emergency room after he was found running in the streets. Upon arrival to the emergency room, he keeps screaming, “they are eating me alive," and swatting his hands. He reports that there are spiders crawling all over him. His girlfriend, who arrives shortly after, claims that he has been forgetful and would forget his keys from time to time. He denies weight loss, fever, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, or urinary changes but endorses chest pain. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 160/110 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98%. He becomes increasingly agitated as he believes the healthcare providers are trying to sacrifice him to the “spider gods.” What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?

A 53-year-old man presents with swelling of the right knee. He says that the pain began the previous night and was reduced by ibuprofen and an ice-pack. The pain persists but is tolerable. He denies any recent fever, chills, or joint pains in the past. Past medical history includes a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) a year ago for which he takes aspirin, atorvastatin, captopril, and carvedilol. The patient reports a 20-pack-year history of smoking but quit 5 years ago. He also says he was a heavy drinker for the past 30 years but now drinks only a few drinks on the weekends. On physical examination, the right knee is erythematous, warm, swollen, and mildly tender to palpation. Cardiac exam is significant for a mild systolic ejection murmur. The remainder of the examination is unremarkable. Arthrocentesis of the right knee joint is performed, which reveals the presence of urate crystals. Which of the following medications is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms?

A 27-year-old healthy college student presents to the clinic with her boyfriend complaining of a productive cough with rust-colored sputum associated with breathlessness for the past week. She also reports symptoms of the common cold which began about 1 week ago. She reports that her weekly routine has not changed despite feelings of being sick and generally weak. The vitals signs include a blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg, pulse rate 68/min, respiratory rate 12/min, and temperature 36.6°C (97.9°F). On pulmonary examination, inspiratory crackles were heard. The cardiac examination revealed an S3 sound but was otherwise normal. A chest X-ray was performed and is shown in the picture below. What medication is known to be associated with the same condition that she is suffering from?