Autonomic/CV Drugs — MCQs

A 34-year-old woman presents with acute onset loss of vision and visual disturbances. She says that, several hours ago, her vision began to get dim, and she sees halos around light sources. This was immediately followed by a severe frontal headache. Past medical history is significant for epilepsy. The patient says her anticonvulsant medication was changed recently but she doesn’t remember the name. Slit-lamp examination reveals mild chemosis, injection, and ciliary flush with diffuse stromal haze, along with very shallow peripheral anterior chambers with areas of iridocorneal touch in both eyes. Gonioscopy showed closed angles bilaterally. Which of the following antiepileptic drugs is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?

An 85-year-old man presents with the reappearance of his Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms over the last few months. He says he has been treated with various drugs over the last 20 years, but that currently his symptoms worsen as he nears the time for his next dose of medication. His movements have been slower lately and it’s difficult to initiate voluntary movements. His past medical history is significant for hypertension. He was diagnosed 10 years ago and was well-managed on medication. His current medications are levodopa/carbidopa, rasagiline, aspirin, and captopril. The vital signs include: pulse 70/min, respiratory rate 15/min, blood pressure 130/76 mm Hg, and temperature 36.7°C (98.1°F). Physical examination reveals the expected ‘pill-rolling’ resting tremor, which is alleviated by movement. Increased tone of arm muscles and resistance to passive movement at the joints is noted. When asked to walk across the room, he has difficulty taking the 1st step and has a stooped posture and takes short, shuffling, rapid steps. Laboratory studies show: Serum glucose (fasting) 97 mg/dL Sodium 141 mEq/L Potassium 4.0 mEq/L Chloride 100 mEq/L Cholesterol (total) 190 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol 42 mg/dL LDL-cholesterol 70 mg/dL Triglycerides 184 mg/dL The patient is started on a drug that increases the efficacy of his current anti-PD medication. Which of the following is most likely the drug that was added to this patient’s current regimen?

A 26-year-old G1P0 woman at 40 weeks estimated gestational age presents after experiencing labor pains. Pregnancy has been uncomplicated so far. Rupture of membranes occurs, and a transvaginal delivery is performed under epidural anesthesia, and the baby is delivered alive and healthy. The patient voids a few hours after the delivery and complains of mild irritation at the injection site on her back. On the second day, she complains of a severe headache over the back of her head. The headache is associated with pain and stiffness in the neck. Her headache is aggravated by sitting up or standing and relieved by lying down. The pain is relieved slightly by acetaminophen and ibuprofen. The patient is afebrile. Her vital signs include: pulse 100/min, respiratory rate 18/min, and blood pressure 128/84 mm Hg. Which of the following statements is the most accurate regarding this patient’s condition?

A 25-year-old man is admitted to the intensive care unit with confusion and severe dyspnea at rest which started 3 hours ago. The symptoms worsen when the patient lies down and improve in the sitting position. The patient has a history of cocaine abuse. The patient's blood pressure is 75/50 mm Hg, the heart rate is 95/min, the respiratory rate is 22/min, the temperature is 36.5℃ (97.7℉), and the SpO2 is 89% on room air. On physical examination, there is peripheral cyanosis with pallor, coldness of the extremities, diaphoresis, and marked peripheral veins distension. Lung auscultation reveals bilateral absence of the lung sounds over the lower lobes and widespread rales over the other lung fields. On cardiac auscultation, there is a protodiastolic gallop and S2 accentuation best heard in the second intercostal space at the left sternal border. Abdominal palpation shows signs of intraperitoneal fluid accumulation and hepatomegaly. Considering the low cardiac output, milrinone is administered as an inotropic agent. What is the most likely side effect which can result from administration of milrinone?

A 61-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with left leg pain and swelling. She recently returned to the United States from a trip to India. Her past medical history is notable for osteoarthritis in both hips, lumbar spinal stenosis, and hypertension. She takes lisinopril. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 140/85 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 24/min. On examination, her left calf is larger than her right calf. A lower extremity ultrasound demonstrates a deep venous thrombosis in the left femoral vein. Results from a complete blood count are within normal limits. She is admitted and started on unfractionated heparin. Seven days later, she presents with a dark erythematous skin lesion on her left thigh and worsening left leg swelling. A lower extremity ultrasound demonstrates a persistent deep venous thrombosis in the left femoral vein as well as a new deep venous thrombosis in the left popliteal vein. Results of a complete blood count are shown below: Hemoglobin: 13.1 g/dL Hematocrit: 38% Leukocyte count: 9,600/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 74,000/mm^3 A medication with which of the following mechanisms of action is most appropriate to initiate in this patient after stopping the heparin?

A 26-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. She was driving on the highway when she was struck by a van. At the hospital she was conscious but was bleeding heavily from an open wound in her left leg. Pulse is 120/min and blood pressure is 96/68 mm Hg. She receives 3 L of intravenous saline and her pulse slowed to 80/min and blood pressure elevated to 116/70 mm Hg. The next morning she is found to have a hemoglobin of 6.2 g/dL. Her team decides to transfuse 1 unit of packed RBCs. Twenty minutes into the transfusion she develops a diffuse urticarial rash, wheezing, fever, and hypotension. The transfusion is immediately stopped and intramuscular epinephrine is administered. Which of the following scenarios is most consistent with this patient's reaction to the blood transfusion?

A 60-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with chest pain that started 20 minutes ago while watching television at home. The pain is substernal and squeezing in nature. She rates the pain as 6/10 and admits to having similar pain in the past with exertion. Her past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus that is controlled with metformin. The physical examination is unremarkable. An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows ST-segment depression in the lateral leads. She is started on aspirin, nitroglycerin, metoprolol, unfractionated heparin, and insulin. She is asked not to take metformin while at the hospital. Three sets of cardiac enzymes are negative. Lab results are given below: Serum glucose 88 mg/dL Sodium 142 mEq/L Potassium 3.9 mEq/L Chloride 101 mEq/L Serum creatinine 1.2 mg/dL Blood urea nitrogen 22 mg/dL Cholesterol, total 170 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol 40 mg/dL LDL-cholesterol 80 mg/dL Triglycerides 170 mg/dL Hematocrit 38% Hemoglobin 13 g/dL Leucocyte count 7,500/mm3 Platelet count 185,000 /mm3 Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 30 seconds Prothrombin time (PT) 12 seconds Urinalysis Glucose negative Ketones negative Leucocytes negative Nitrites negative Red blood cells (RBC) negative Casts negative An echocardiogram reveals left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. With the pain subsiding, she was admitted and the medications were continued. A coronary angiography is planned in 4 days. In addition to regular blood glucose testing, which of the following should be closely monitored in this patient?

A 2-year-old boy had increased bleeding during a circumcision. His birth and delivery were uncomplicated, and his mother had no issues with prolonged bleeding during labor. Of note, his maternal grandfather has a history of bleeding complications. The boy's vital signs are stable and physical examination is notable for scattered bruises on his lower extremities. The lab results are as follows: Hemoglobin 12.8 gm % Hematocrit 35.4% WBC 8400/mm3 Platelets 215 x 109/L PT 14 s PTT 78 s What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 52-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for a severe, sudden-onset headache, light-sensitivity, and neck stiffness that began 30 minutes ago. A CT scan of the head shows hyperdensity between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The patient undergoes an endovascular procedure. One week later, she falls as she is returning from the bathroom. Neurologic examination shows 3/5 strength in the right lower extremity and 5/5 in the left lower extremity. Treatment with which of the following drugs is most likely to have prevented the patient's current condition?

A 57-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician for a follow-up evaluation. He was recently diagnosed with hyperlipidemia, for which he takes several medications. His serum total cholesterol concentration is 295 mg/dL and serum high-density lipoprotein concentration is 19 mg/dL (N: > 40 mg/dL). The physician prescribes an additional drug that decreases hepatic production of triglycerides and reduces the release of VLDL and LDL through the inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2. This patient should be advised to do which of the following?