Antimicrobials — MCQs

A 25-year-old college student is diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia after presenting with a 3-week history of fever, malaise, and fatigue. He has a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple middle ear infections as a child, and infectious mononucleosis in high school. He currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a glass of wine per day, and denies any illicit drug use. The vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 87/min, and respiratory rate 17/min. On physical examination, his pulses are bounding; his complexion is pale, but breath sounds remain clear. A rapidly progressive form of leukemia is identified, and the patient is scheduled to start intravenous chemotherapy. Which of the following treatments should be given to this patient to prevent or decrease the likelihood of developing acute renal failure during treatment?

A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents after a 2-day history of fever, productive cough, and severe dyspnea. The parents report that the boy had no health problems at birth but developed respiratory problems as an infant that have continued throughout his life, including recurrent pulmonary infections. Vital signs include: temperature of 37.5ºC (99.5ºF), pulse of 105/min, respiratory rate of 34/min, and SpO2 of 87%. Physical examination shows digital clubbing and cyanosis. Chest X-rays show hyperinflation of the lungs and chronic interstitial changes. The boy’s FEV1/FVC ratio is decreased, and his FRC is increased. The resident reviewing his case is studying new gene therapies for this boy’s condition that will reintroduce the gene for which this boy is defective. An important component of this therapy is identifying a vector for the selective introduction of the replacement gene into the human body. Which of the following would be the best vector to provide gene therapy for this boy’s respiratory symptoms?

A 45-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after being rescued from a fire in his apartment complex. He thinks he might have briefly lost consciousness while he was trapped in a smoke-filled room before firefighters were able to free him 20 minutes later. He reports headache, dizziness, and occasional cough. He has no difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing. He appears mildly uncomfortable and agitated. His temperature is 36.4°C (97.5°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 155/68 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 92%. Breath sounds are coarse. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows : pH 7.30 PCO2 38 mm Hg PO2 70 mm Hg HCO3- 18 mEq/L COHb 2% (N < 3) In addition to oxygen supplementation with a non-rebreather mask, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 21-year-old man presents to the physician with complaint of fever and non-bloody diarrhea for the past 3 days, after a week of constipation. He and his family recently returned from a summer spent in New Delhi, India visiting relatives. Physical examination reveals abdominal tenderness and a pink macular rash extending from his trunk to his upper arms. His vital signs are as follows: temperature is 99.7°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 120/72 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 16/min. Which of the following drugs would be most effective in treating this patient’s condition?

A 59-year-old man comes to the physician because of a painful, burning red rash on his face and hands, which developed 30 minutes after going outside to do garden work. He wore a long-sleeved shirt and was exposed to direct sunlight for about 10 minutes. The patient is light-skinned and has a history of occasional sunburns when he does not apply sunscreen. The patient was diagnosed with small cell lung carcinoma 2 months ago and is currently undergoing chemotherapy. He is currently taking demeclocycline for malignancy-associated hyponatremia and amoxicillin for sinusitis. He has also had occasional back pain. He takes zolpidem and drinks 1–2 glasses of brandy before going to sleep every night. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. His pulse is 72/min and his blood pressure is 120/75 mm Hg. Physical examination shows prominent erythema on his forehead, cheeks, and neck. Erythema and papular eruptions are seen on the dorsum of both hands. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

A 48-year-old woman with a history of osteoarthritis and hypertension presents to the office complaining of persistent abdominal pain for the last 2 months. She describes the pain as 'burning and achy' that is worse when she eats, which has lead to a weight loss of 4.5 kg (10.0 lb). The patient is currently taking lisinopril and atenolol for her blood pressure and ibuprofen as needed for her osteoarthritis. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.7°F), heart rate is 75/min, and blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. An endoscopy is performed and a gastric ulcer is visualized and biopsied. The biopsy reveals H. pylori infection. Which of the following is the most likely predisposing factor to this patient’s diagnosis?

A 64-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with complaints of severe, whole-body itching. She states that she first noticed her symptoms while in the bathtub at home. She has never had symptoms like this before. However, over the previous several months she has had episodes of severe joint swelling and pain in her hands as well as redness, burning pain, and swelling of her hands and feet. Her past medical history is significant for type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and osteoporosis for which she takes metformin, enalapril, and alendronate, respectively. In addition, she was found to have a deep vein thrombosis of her left leg three months prior to presentation. The patient’s temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), pulse is 80/min, blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, and respirations are 13/min. Physical exam is notable for a woman in discomfort with excoriations over the skin on her forearms. The patient’s laboratory tests are shown below. Serum: Na+: 135 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 5.0 mEq/L HCO3-: 22 mEq/L BUN: 19 mg/dL Glucose: 130 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Hematocrit: 64% Leukocyte count: 19,000 cells/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 900,000/mm^3 What is the best next step in treatment of this patient's underlying condition?

A 32-year-old man presents with a 1-week history of progressive diplopia followed by numbness and tingling in his hands and feet, some weakness in his extremities, and occasional difficulty swallowing. He was recently diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma and started on a chemotherapeutic regimen that included bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. He denies fever, recent viral illness, or vaccination. On neurological examination, he has bilateral ptosis. His bilateral pupils are 5 mm in diameter and poorly responsive to light and accommodation. He has a bilateral facial weakness and his gag reflex is reduced. Motor examination using the Medical Research Council scale reveals a muscle strength of 4/5 in the proximal muscles of upper extremities bilaterally and 2/5 in distal muscles. In his lower extremities, hip muscles are mildly weak bilaterally, and he has bilateral foot drop. Deep tendon reflexes are absent. Sensory examination reveals a stocking-pattern loss to all sensory modalities in the lower extremities up to the middle of his shins. A brain MRI is normal. Lumbar puncture is unremarkable. His condition can be explained by a common adverse effect of which of the following drugs?

A 26-year-old student arrives to student health for persistent diarrhea. She states that for the past 2 months she has had foul-smelling diarrhea and abdominal cramping. She also reports increased bloating, flatulence, and an unintentional 4 lb weight loss. Prior to 2 months ago, she had never felt these symptoms before. She denies other extra-gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient is an avid hiker and says her symptoms have caused her to miss recent camping trips. The patient has tried to add more fiber to her diet without relief. She feels her symptoms worsen with milk or cheese. Her medical history is insignificant and she takes no medications. She drinks whiskey socially, but denies smoking tobacco or using any illicit drugs. She is sexually active with her boyfriend of 2 years. She went to Mexico 6 months ago and her last multi-day backpacking trek was about 3 months ago in Vermont. Physical examination is unremarkable. A stool sample is negative for fecal occult blood. Which of the following is an associated adverse effect of the most likely treatment given to manage the patient’s symptoms?

A 29-year-old man presents to the primary care clinic in June for post-discharge follow-up. The patient was recently admitted to the hospital after a motor vehicle collision. At that time he arrived at the emergency department unconscious, hypotensive, and tachycardic. Abdominal CT revealed a hemoperitoneum due to a large splenic laceration; he was taken to the operating room for emergency splenectomy. Since that time he has recovered well without complications. Prior to the accident, he was up-to-date on all of his vaccinations. Which of the following vaccinations should be administered at this time?