Antimicrobials — MCQs

A 27-year-old male presents to urgent care complaining of pain with urination. He reports that the pain started 3 days ago. He has never experienced these symptoms before. He denies gross hematuria or pelvic pain. He is sexually active with his girlfriend, and they consistently use condoms. When asked about recent travel, he admits to recently returning from a “boys' trip" in Cancun where he had unprotected sex 1 night with a girl he met at a bar. The patient’s medical history includes type I diabetes that is controlled with an insulin pump. His mother has rheumatoid arthritis. The patient’s temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 112/74 mmHg, and pulse is 81/min. On physical examination, there are no lesions of the penis or other body rashes. No costovertebral tenderness is appreciated. A urinalysis reveals no blood, glucose, ketones, or proteins but is positive for leukocyte esterase. A urine microscopic evaluation shows a moderate number of white blood cells but no casts or crystals. A urine culture is negative. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the patient’s symptoms?

A 23-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a diffuse, itchy rash and swollen face for 6 hours. That morning, she was diagnosed with an abscess of the lower leg. She underwent treatment with incision and drainage as well as oral antibiotics. She has no history of serious illness. She is not in acute distress. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), pulse is 78/min, and blood pressure is 128/84 mm Hg. Physical examination shows mild swelling of the eyelids and lips. There are multiple erythematous patches and wheals over her upper extremities, back, and abdomen. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. After discontinuing all recently administered drugs and beginning continuous vital sign monitoring, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 24-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 4-hour history of headaches, nausea, and vomiting. During this time, she has also had recurrent dizziness and palpitations. The symptoms started while she was at a friend's birthday party, where she had one beer. One week ago, the patient was diagnosed with a genitourinary infection and started on antimicrobial therapy. She has no history of major medical illness. Her pulse is 106/min and blood pressure is 102/73 mm Hg. Physical examination shows facial flushing and profuse sweating. The patient is most likely experiencing adverse effects caused by treatment for an infection with which of the following pathogens?

A 40-year-old woman presents to clinic with multiple complaints. She complains of swelling around her eyes (Image A) and generalized weakness. A complete blood count reveals eosinophilia. She recently returned from a trip to Asia where she reports having eaten street food, including pork. If this patient's disease is explained by a parasite that causes inflammation of skeletal muscle, what would be the appropriate treatment?

A 56-year-old man with a history of HIV presents with diarrhea. The patient has had diarrhea for the past week and it has been gradually worsening. The patient describes it as profuse and watery. He has lost 15 pounds during this time frame and feels very weak. The patient is not currently taking his antiretroviral medications and historically has been non-compliant with his medications. His temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 122/58 mmHg, pulse is 127/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an emaciated man who is tachycardic. Stool exam with a modified acid-fast stain reveals organisms. The patient is started on IV fluids. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?

A 62-year-old woman presents to her oncologist to discuss the chemotherapy options for her newly diagnosed breast cancer. During the meeting, they discuss a drug that inhibits the breakdown of mitotic spindles in cells. Her oncologist explains that this will be more toxic to cancer cells because those cells are dividing more rapidly. Which of the following side effects is closely associated with the use of this chemotherapeutic agent?

A 32-year-old female presents to her gynecologist complaining of heavy and irregular vaginal bleeding. One month ago, she underwent a dilation and curettage procedure to remove a hydatidiform mole. On examination, her uterus appears enlarged. Serum ß-hCG is highly elevated. Biopsy of her uterus reveals avillous proliferation of cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. She is eventually diagnosed with choriocarcinoma and initiates treatment with a medication known to affect folate metabolism. Which of the following complications should this patient most likely be monitored for following initiation of the medication?

A 67-year-old woman who was diagnosed with cancer 2 months ago presents to her oncologist with a 6-day history of numbness and tingling in her hands and feet. She is concerned that these symptoms may be related to progression of her cancer even though she has been faithfully following her chemotherapy regimen. She is not currently taking any other medications and has never previously experienced these symptoms. On physical exam, she is found to have decreased sensation to pinprick and fine touch over hands, wrists, ankles, and feet. Furthermore, she is found to have decreased reflexes throughout. Her oncologist assures her that these symptoms are a side effect from her chemotherapy regimen rather than progression of the cancer. The drug most likely responsible for her symptoms has which of the following mechanisms?

A 69-year-old male with past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus complicated by end stage renal disease on dialysis presents to his nephrologist for a follow-up appointment. A few weeks ago, the patient saw his nephrologist because he had been feeling tired despite efforts to get enough sleep, eat a well-balanced diet, and exercise. At the time, laboratory studies revealed a hemoglobin of 9.7 g/dL, and the patient’s nephrologist suggested starting recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO). Since then, the patient has been receiving EPO intravenously three times per week. The patient reports today that he continues to feel tired despite the new treatment. His temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 134/83 mmHg, pulse is 65/min, and respirations are 12/min. On physical exam, he has conjunctival pallor, and laboratory studies show a hemoglobin of 9.8 g/dL. Which of the following laboratory findings would currently be seen in this patient?

A 23-year-old man is admitted to the hospital for observation because of a headache, dizziness, and nausea that started earlier in the day while he was working. He moves supplies for a refrigeration company and was handling a barrel of carbon tetrachloride before the symptoms began. He was not wearing a mask. One day after admission, he develops a fever and is confused. His temperature is 38.4°C (101.1°F). Serum studies show a creatinine concentration of 2.0 mg/dL and alanine aminotransferase concentration of 96 U/L. This patient's laboratory abnormalities are most likely due to which of the following processes?