Gastroenterology — MCQs

A 24-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of increased urination. She has also had dry mouth and excessive thirst despite drinking several gallons of water daily. She has a history of obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with citalopram. She drinks 1–2 cans of beer daily. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show a Na+ concentration of 130 mEq/L, a glucose concentration of 185 mg/dL, and an osmolality of 265 mOsmol/kg. Urine osmolality is 230 mOsmol/kg. The patient is asked to stop drinking water for 3 hours. Following water restriction, repeated laboratory studies show a serum osmolality of 280 mOsmol/kg and a urine osmolality of 650 mOsmol/kg. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 42-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a wellness checkup. The patient has a past medical history of obesity, constipation, and depression. His current medications include metformin, lactulose, and fluoxetine. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 157/102 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL Hematocrit: 36% Leukocyte count: 5,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 190,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 105 mEq/L K+: 3.5 mEq/L HCO3-: 21 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 129 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Urine: Appearance: Yellow Bacteria: Absent Red blood cells: 0/hpf pH: 6.8 Nitrite: Absent Which of the following is the next best step in management?

A 24-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of headache and sinus drainage for the past 13 days. She reports cold-like symptoms 2 weeks ago that progressively got worse. The patient endorses subjective fever, congestion, sinus headache, cough, and chills. She claims that this is her 5th episode within the past year and is concerned if “there’s something else going on.” Her medical history is significant for asthma that is adequately controlled with her albuterol inhaler. Her laboratory findings are shown below: Serum: Hemoglobin: 16.2 g/dL Hematocrit: 39 % Leukocyte count: 7,890/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 200,000/mm^3 IgA: 54 mg/dL (Normal: 76-390 mg/dL) IgE: 0 IU/mL (Normal: 0-380 IU/mL) IgG: 470 mg/dL (Normal: 650-1500 mg/dL) IgM: 29 mg/dL (Normal: 40-345 mg/dL) What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 38-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of 3 1-hour episodes of severe, sharp, penetrating abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. During these episodes, she had nausea and vomiting. She has no diarrhea, dysuria, or hematuria and is asymptomatic between episodes. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Seven years ago, she underwent resection of the terminal ileum because of severe Crohn's disease. She is 155 cm (5 ft 2 in) tall and weighs 79 kg (175 lb). Her BMI is 32 kg/m2. Her temperature is 36.9°C (98.5°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 130/95 mm Hg. There is mild scleral icterus. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The abdomen is soft, and there is tenderness to palpation of the right upper quadrant without guarding or rebound. Bowel sounds are normal. The stool is brown, and a test for occult blood is negative. Laboratory studies show: Laboratory test Blood Hemoglobin 12.5 g/dL Leukocyte count 9,500 mm3 Platelet count 170,000 mm3 Serum Total bilirubin 4.1 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase 348 U/L AST 187 U/L ALT 260 U/L Abdominal ultrasonography shows a normal liver, a common bile duct caliber of 10 mm (normal < 6 mm), and gallbladder with multiple gallstones and no wall thickening or pericholecystic fluid. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?

A 19-year-old college student is brought to the emergency department with persistent vomiting overnight. He spent all day drinking beer yesterday at a college party according to his friends. He appears to be in shock and when asked about vomiting, he says that he vomited up blood about an hour ago. At the hospital, his vomit contains streaks of blood. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), respirations are 15/min, pulse is 107/min, and blood pressure is 90/68 mm Hg. A physical examination is performed and is within normal limits. Intravenous fluids are started and a blood sample is drawn for typing and cross-matching. An immediate upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveals a longitudinal mucosal tear in the distal esophagus. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain. While having dinner, the patient experienced pain that prompted the patient to come to the emergency department. The patient states that the pain is episodic and radiates to the shoulder. The patient's temperature is 98°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are ordered and return as below. Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL Hematocrit: 36% Leukocyte count: 4,500 cells/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 247,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 140 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.6 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 15 mg/dL Glucose: 90 mg/dL Creatinine: 0.8 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.0 mg/dL AST: 11 U/L ALT: 11 U/L On physical exam, the patient demonstrates abdominal tenderness that is most prominent in the right upper quadrant. Which of the following represents the most likely demographics of this patient?

A 65-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of muscle weakness. During this period, the patient has had low energy, intermittent nosebleeds, and a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss. He also reports progressive hearing and vision problems. He has a history of pins-and-needles sensation, numbness, and pain in his feet. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a palpable liver tip 2–3 cm below the right costal margin. There is nontender lymphadenopathy in the groins, axillae, and neck. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 8.8 g/dL White blood cells 6,300/mm3 Platelet count 98,000/mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 70 mm/h Serum Na+ 136 mmol/L K+ 3.6 mmol/L Cr 1.3 mg/dL Ca2+ 8.6 mg/dL Aspartate aminotransferase 32 U/L Alanine aminotransferase 36 U/L Alkaline phosphatase 100 U/L Lactate dehydrogenase 120 U/L A serum protein electrophoresis exhibits a sharp, narrow spike of monoclonal IgM immunoglobulin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 43-year-old woman visits her primary care physician complaining of abdominal pain for the past 6 months. She reports that the pain is localized to her lower abdomen and often resolves with bowel movements. She states that some days she has diarrhea while other times she will go 4-5 days without having a bowel movement. She started a gluten-free diet in hopes that it would help her symptoms, but she has not noticed much improvement. She denies nausea, vomiting, hematochezia, or melena. Her medical history is significant for generalized anxiety disorder and hypothyroidism. Her father has a history of colon cancer. The patient takes citalopram and levothyroxine. Physical examination reveals mild abdominal tenderness with palpation of lower quadrant but no guarding or rebound. A guaiac test is negative. A complete blood count is pending. Which of the following is the next best step in management?

A 30-year-old caucasian female comes to the physician because of chronic diarrhea and abdominal bloating that started 6 months ago. She also reports increasing fatigue and intermittent tingling in her hands and feet. She lost 5 kg (11 lb) of weight over the past 6 months without changing her diet or trying to lose weight. She and her husband have been trying to conceive for over a year without any success. Menses have been irregular at 28–45 day intervals and last for 1–2 days. She has generalized anxiety disorder for which she takes sertraline. Her height is 151 cm and weight is 50 kg; BMI is 22 kg/m2. Examination shows generalized pallor. Cardiopulmonary examination is normal. Test of the stool for occult blood is negative. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.5 g/dL Leukocyte count 3900/mm3 Platelet count 130,000/mm3 Serum Glucose 100 mg/dL Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL Thyroid-stimulating hormone 3.3 μU/mL Vitamin B12 80 pg/mL (N > 200) IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody negative Serum IgA decreased Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

An 80-year-old man comes to the office for evaluation of anemia. His medical history is relevant for end-stage renal disease and aortic stenosis. When questioned about his bowel movements, the patient mentions that he has occasional episodes of loose, maroon-colored stools. His heart rate is 78/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, temperature is 36.6°C (97.8°F), and blood pressure is 80/60 mm Hg. Physical examination shows pale skin and conjunctiva and orthostasis upon standing. A complete blood count shows his hemoglobin is 8.7 g/dL, hematocrit is 27%, and mean corpuscular volume is 76 μm³. A colonoscopy is obtained. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's current condition?