Vascular Surgery Practice Questions

Q: The most common cause of acquired AV fistula is:

Penetrating trauma. ***Penetrating trauma*** - **Penetrating trauma** is the most common cause of **acquired AV fistulas** due to direct injury to adjacent artery and vein. - This type of injury can result from causes like **gunshot wounds, stab wounds, or iatrogenic procedures** (e.g., catheterizations). *Bacterial infection* - While infections can cause vascular damage, they are **not the most common cause** of acquired AV fistulas. - Infections like **endocarditis** or localized abscesses can lead to vascular erosion, but this is less frequent than trauma. *Fungal infection* - **Fungal infections** are a much rarer cause of vascular damage leading to AV fistulas compared to bacterial infections or trauma. - They typically occur in immunocompromised individuals or in specific settings, not as a common cause of acquired AV fistulas. *Blunt trauma* - **Blunt trauma** can cause vascular injury, but it is **less likely to directly create an AV fistula** compared to penetrating trauma. - Blunt force is more commonly associated with vessel rupture, dissection, or pseudoaneurysm formation, rather than a direct connection between an artery and a vein.

Q: What is the basis for the classification of aortic dissection?

Level of aorta affected. ***Level of aorta affected*** - The classification of aortic dissection is **primarily based on the anatomical location** of the dissection within the aorta. - **Stanford Classification** (most commonly used): Based on whether the **ascending aorta** is involved (Type A) or not involved (Type B) - this is fundamentally about the **level/location**. - **DeBakey Classification**: Based on the **site of origin** (ascending vs descending) and whether it propagates - the primary determinant is still which **level** of the aorta is involved. - While extent matters, the **initial classification decision** hinges on identifying **which segment (level)** of the aorta contains the dissection. *Type of dissection* - Classification systems do **not** primarily categorize by the type of pathology (e.g., intimal tear, intramural hematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer). - The established **Stanford and DeBakey systems** focus on **anatomical location and extent**, not the histological or pathological type of the dissection. *Extent of aorta affected* - While extent is an **important component** of classification (especially in DeBakey system which distinguishes localized vs extensive dissection), it is **secondary to location**. - The **primary decision point** in classification is determining **which level of the aorta** is involved (ascending vs descending), and then extent further refines the classification. - For example, Stanford Type A includes all dissections involving the ascending aorta **regardless of extent** - the level takes precedence. *None of the options* - This is incorrect because well-established classification systems (Stanford A/B and DeBakey I/II/III) clearly exist. - These systems are **based on anatomical criteria**, with the **level (location) of aortic involvement** being the fundamental basis for classification.

Q: The appearance described as an inverted champagne bottle is associated with which condition?

Lipodermatosclerosis. ***Lipodermatosclerosis*** - This condition presents with a characteristic "inverted champagne bottle" appearance, where the **ankle area is narrow** and the **calf area above it is wider** due to fibrotic changes and fat atrophy. - It's a severe manifestation of **chronic venous insufficiency**, characterized by **skin hardening**, pigmentation, and inflammation, often preceding venous ulceration. *Varicose veins (enlarged, twisted veins)* - While associated with **venous insufficiency**, varicose veins themselves are **dilated, tortuous superficial veins**, and do not typically cause the generalized lower leg shape change described. - They may cause swelling and discomfort but do not directly lead to the **fibrotic narrowing** seen in an "inverted champagne bottle" leg. *Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (acute venous obstruction)* - DVT is an **acute condition** involving a **blood clot in a deep vein**, leading to sudden onset pain, swelling, and redness. - It does not cause the **chronic skin changes** and **fibrotic reshaping** of the calf and ankle that characterize lipodermatosclerosis. *Venous ulceration (open sores due to venous insufficiency)* - Venous ulcers are **open sores** that occur in severe chronic venous insufficiency, often found above the medial malleolus. - While they are a complication of the underlying venous disease that can also cause lipodermatosclerosis, the ulceration itself is a **skin lesion**, not the **overall inverted champagne bottle shape** of the leg.

Q: IVC filter is used in the following situations except -

As primary treatment for acute DVT. ***As primary treatment for acute DVT*** - The **primary treatment** for **acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT)** is **anticoagulation therapy** (heparin, warfarin, or DOACs) to prevent clot propagation and embolization. - An **IVC filter** is **NOT primary therapy**—it is reserved for specific situations and does not treat the underlying thrombosis. - **Indications for IVC filter include:** - Absolute **contraindication to anticoagulation** (active bleeding, recent hemorrhagic stroke) - **Recurrent PE despite adequate anticoagulation** - Complications from anticoagulation therapy - Therefore, using IVC filter as primary treatment for acute DVT is **incorrect and not indicated**. *Negligible size of emboli* - While IVC filters trap **large emboli**, the concept of "negligible size emboli" is not a standard clinical consideration for filter placement. - IVC filters are indicated based on **risk of PE** and **contraindications to anticoagulation**, not based on emboli size assessment. *To reduce symptoms* - **IVC filters** do not reduce symptoms of DVT such as pain, swelling, or discomfort. - They function as a **mechanical barrier** to prevent emboli from reaching pulmonary circulation. - Symptom management requires anticoagulation, compression therapy, and leg elevation. *To prevent progress of native blood vessel disease* - IVC filters do not influence progression of underlying **vascular disease** such as atherosclerosis or chronic venous insufficiency. - Their sole function is **mechanical prevention of PE**, not disease modification.

Q: Which of the following conditions is least likely to lead to gangrene?

Varicose veins. ***Varicose veins*** - **Varicose veins** are characterized by **venous insufficiency** and primarily lead to **venous ulcers** and skin changes due to chronic venous hypertension, but they **rarely directly cause gangrene**. - Gangrene fundamentally results from **arterial insufficiency** (lack of oxygenated blood flow), which is not the primary pathophysiology of varicose veins. - While severe chronic venous stasis can predispose to secondary complications like infections or tissue breakdown, true gangrene from varicose veins alone is exceptionally rare. *Atherosclerosis* - Atherosclerosis is actually a **common cause of gangrene**, particularly in elderly patients and those with diabetes. - Progressive arterial occlusion leads to **critical limb ischemia** and subsequent **tissue necrosis**. - Accounts for a significant proportion of lower limb gangrene cases, especially in the context of peripheral arterial disease. *Frostbite* - **Frostbite** causes direct tissue injury through freezing, leading to **cellular damage** and **vascular occlusion**. - Ice crystal formation destroys cells and causes thrombosis of blood vessels. - Gangrene is a **common and severe complication** of significant frostbite injuries. *Buerger's disease* - **Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)** involves widespread inflammation and **thrombosis of small and medium-sized arteries and veins**, particularly in the extremities. - The recurrent inflammation and subsequent occlusion of vessels are a **primary cause of severe ischemia** and gangrene. - Classically seen in young male smokers, with gangrene being a hallmark complication.

Q: Which vein is most commonly thrombosed?

Long saphenous. ***Long saphenous*** - The **long saphenous vein** is the longest vein in the body and superficial, making it highly susceptible to injury and **thrombosis**. - Its superficial location and numerous **valvular incompetence** contribute to its frequent involvement in conditions like **superficial thrombophlebitis** and **venous insufficiency**. *Short saphenous* - The **short saphenous vein** is less commonly thrombosed compared to the long saphenous vein due to its shorter length and usually less extensive network of tributaries. - While it can be affected by thrombophlebitis, it's generally less prevalent than long saphenous vein involvement. *Both* - Although both veins can be thrombosed, the **long saphenous vein** is statistically more prone to **thrombosis** and related complications due to its anatomical characteristics and frequency of **valvular dysfunction**. - The risk is not equally distributed, with the long saphenous vein having a higher incidence. *Posterior tibial* - The **posterior tibial vein** is a **deep vein**, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in this location is a serious condition but is distinct from superficial venous thrombosis [1]. - While it can thrombose, the question refers to the most commonly thrombosed superficial vein, which is the long saphenous.

Q: Which of the following conditions is primarily treated by sympathectomy?

Hyperhidrosis. ***Hyperhidrosis*** - **Sympathectomy** (especially thoracic sympathectomy) is a definitive treatment for severe, localized **hyperhidrosis** (excessive sweating) that has not responded to conservative therapies. - The procedure aims to interrupt the sympathetic nerves responsible for stimulating sweat glands, commonly in the palms, soles, or axillae. *Buerger's disease* - While **sympathectomy** was historically used, its efficacy in **Buerger's disease** (thromboangiitis obliterans) is questionable and largely replaced by smoking cessation and other treatments for limb salvage. - The primary issue is **inflammation** and **thrombosis** of small and medium-sized arteries and veins, not primarily sympathetic overactivity. *Acrocyanosis* - **Acrocyanosis** is a benign condition characterized by persistent, painless, blue discoloration of the extremities due to vasospasm of small skin arteries and arterioles. - Treatment is generally reassurance and avoidance of cold, and **sympathectomy** is rarely, if ever, indicated or effective due to the non-progressive and cosmetic nature of the condition. *Raynaud's disease* - **Raynaud's disease** is a vasospastic disorder, but **sympathectomy** is usually reserved for severe cases with impending tissue loss or critical ischemia that fail medical management. - Medical management with calcium channel blockers is the primary treatment, as the condition involves episodic vasospasm of digital arteries.

Q: Which of the following is not a direct cause of varicose veins?

Superficial venous thrombosis. ***Superficial venous thrombosis*** - While *superficial venous thrombosis* is a condition affecting veins, it is typically a **complication** or a co-occurring event with varicose veins, rather than a direct cause of their initial formation. - Varicose veins are primarily caused by **venous insufficiency** due to faulty valves, leading to blood pooling and vessel distension. *Arteriovenous fistula* - An *arteriovenous fistula* creates an abnormal connection between an **artery and a vein**, leading to high pressure flow directly into the venous system. - This **increased venous pressure and flow** can overwhelm venous valves and dilate veins, directly causing varicose veins. *Deep venous thrombosis* - *Deep venous thrombosis* can damage venous valves in the deep venous system, leading to **post-thrombotic syndrome** which includes chronic venous insufficiency and the formation of varicose veins due to reflux. - The resulting **venous hypertension** and impaired flow in the deep system can cause superficial veins to dilate and become tortuous. *Pregnancy* - *Pregnancy* is a common cause of varicose veins due to several factors, including **increased circulating blood volume** and the physical pressure of the growing uterus on the inferior vena cava. - Hormonal changes during pregnancy, particularly increased **progesterone**, also contribute by relaxing venous walls, further predisposing to varicosity.

Q: A 65-year-old male presents with sudden onset hand pain and coldness in the fingers. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

Acute arterial embolism. ***Acute arterial embolism*** - **Sudden onset** of pain and **coldness** in the fingers strongly suggests **acute arterial occlusion**, most commonly due to an embolism. - This condition presents with the 6 Ps: **pain**, **pallor**, **pulselessness**, **paresthesia**, **paralysis**, and **poikilothermia** (coldness). *Ulnar artery occlusion* - While this can cause digital ischemia, it typically has a more **gradual onset** or is related to repetitive trauma ("hypothenar hammer syndrome"). - Isolated ulnar artery occlusion would usually affect only the digits supplied by the ulnar artery, not the entire hand's coldness. *Wrist fracture* - A fracture would present with a history of **trauma**, **localized tenderness**, **swelling**, and **deformity**, which are not mentioned. - While a severe fracture could compromise blood flow, the primary symptoms would be related to the bone injury itself. *Carpal tunnel syndrome* - This condition primarily causes **numbness**, **tingling**, and **weakness** in the median nerve distribution (thumb, index, middle, and radial half of ring finger). - It does not typically cause **sudden coldness** [1] or severe ischemic pain in the fingers.

Q: According to the Spetzler-Martin grading system for arteriovenous malformations, which of the following scores corresponds to an arteriovenous malformation of size 3-6 cm with deep venous drainage and location near the internal capsule?

4. ***4*** - This score aligns with the sum of the points assigned for each feature: 2 points for a **size of 3-6 cm**, 1 point for **deep venous drainage**, and 1 point for **location near the internal capsule**. - The Spetzler-Martin grade is calculated by summing points for size (small 6 cm = 3 pts), venous drainage (superficial = 0 pts, deep = 1 pt), and eloquence of adjacent brain (non-eloquent = 0 pts, eloquent = 1 pt). *2* - A score of 2 would correspond to, for example, a medium-sized AVM (2 points) with superficial venous drainage (0 points) in a non-eloquent area (0 points), or a small AVM (1 point) with deep venous drainage (1 point) in another non-eloquent area. - This score does not account for all three high-risk factors described in the question (medium size, deep drainage, eloquent location). *3* - A score of 3 could be generated, for instance, by a large AVM (>6 cm = 3 points) with superficial drainage (0 points) in a non-eloquent area (0 points). - It could also be a medium AVM (2 points) with deep venous drainage (1 point) but in a non-eloquent brain region. *5* - A score of 5 would represent an extremely high-risk AVM, such as a large AVM (>6 cm = 3 points) with deep venous drainage (1 point) and an eloquent location (1 point). - This score would exceed the sum calculated from the specific characteristics given in the question (2 + 1 + 1 = 4).

Question 1

The most common cause of acquired AV fistula is:

Accepted Answer

Penetrating trauma

Answer

Bacterial infection

Answer

Fungal infection

Answer

Blunt trauma

Question 2

What is the basis for the classification of aortic dissection?

Accepted Answer

Level of aorta affected

Answer

Type of dissection

Answer

Extent of aorta affected

Answer

None of the options

Question 3

The appearance described as an inverted champagne bottle is associated with which condition?

Accepted Answer

Lipodermatosclerosis

Answer

Varicose veins

Answer

Deep vein thrombosis

Answer

Venous ulceration

Question 4

IVC filter is used in the following situations except -

Accepted Answer

As primary treatment for acute DVT

Answer

To reduce symptoms

Answer

Negligible size of emboli

Answer

To prevent progress of native blood vessel disease

Question 5

Which of the following conditions is least likely to lead to gangrene?

Accepted Answer

Varicose veins

Answer

Atherosclerosis

Answer

Frost bite

Answer

Burger's disease

Question 6

Which vein is most commonly thrombosed?

Accepted Answer

Long saphenous

Answer

Posterior tibial

Answer

Short saphenous

Answer

Both

Question 7

Which of the following conditions is primarily treated by sympathectomy?

Accepted Answer

Hyperhidrosis

Answer

Buerger's disease

Answer

Acrocyanosis

Answer

Raynaud's disease

Question 8

Which of the following is not a direct cause of varicose veins?

Accepted Answer

Superficial venous thrombosis

Answer

Deep venous thrombosis

Answer

Pregnancy

Answer

Arteriovenous fistula

Question 9

A 65-year-old male presents with sudden onset hand pain and coldness in the fingers. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Acute arterial embolism

Answer

Ulnar artery occlusion

Answer

Wrist fracture

Answer

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 10

According to the Spetzler-Martin grading system for arteriovenous malformations, which of the following scores corresponds to an arteriovenous malformation of size 3-6 cm with deep venous drainage and location near the internal capsule?

Accepted Answer

4

Answer

3

Answer

5

Answer

2

Vascular Surgery — MCQs

Vascular Surgery — MCQs

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