Hepatobiliary Surgery Practice Questions

Q: Pneumobilia can be seen in

gallstone ileus. ***gallstone ileus*** - **Gallstone ileus** is a mechanical small bowel obstruction caused by a large gallstone that has eroded through the gallbladder wall into the small intestine, forming a **cholecystoenteric fistula**. - The presence of the fistula allows **gas from the bowel to enter the biliary tree**, resulting in pneumobilia, which is a classic radiographic finding in this condition. *acute pancreatitis* - **Acute pancreatitis** is inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or alcohol, but it does **not typically involve communication between the bowel and the biliary tree**. - While gallstones can cause pancreatitis, the condition itself does **not lead to gas in the biliary system**. *Mirizzi's syndrome* - **Mirizzi's syndrome** involves obstruction of the common hepatic duct due to extrinsic compression by a stone impacted in the cystic duct or gallbladder neck, and it **does not typically create a fistula with the bowel**. - Although inflammation can be severe, it usually **does not lead to pneumobilia** unless a rare fistulous connection to the bowel also occurs separately. *carcinoma gallbladder* - **Gallbladder carcinoma** is a malignancy that can obstruct the biliary system, but it **does not inherently cause a direct communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the biliary tree** to allow for gas entry. - While advanced cancer can cause fistulas, **pneumobilia is not a typical or early sign** of gallbladder carcinoma itself.

Q: The percutaneous PAIR therapy used in the treatment of uncomplicated hepatic hydatid cyst can be associated with the following complications, except

bradycardia. ***bradycardia*** - **Bradycardia is not a recognized primary complication** of percutaneous aspiration, injection, and re-aspiration (PAIR) therapy for hydatid cysts. - While bradycardia can occur as a **vasovagal response during any invasive procedure**, it is not specifically listed among the complications of PAIR therapy in standard medical literature. - The typical cardiovascular manifestation of anaphylaxis (a known PAIR complication) is **tachycardia**, not bradycardia. *hypotension* - **Hypotension** is a well-documented complication of PAIR therapy, occurring due to **anaphylactic reaction** from leakage of antigenic hydatid fluid into the circulation. - It can also result from **intra-abdominal hemorrhage** if a major vessel is inadvertently punctured during the procedure. *vomiting* - **Vomiting** can occur as part of a **systemic allergic reaction or anaphylaxis** triggered by the release of hydatid cyst contents. - It may also be a manifestation of peritoneal irritation if cyst contents leak into the peritoneal cavity. *anaphylaxis* - **Anaphylaxis** is the most feared and well-documented complication of PAIR therapy, caused by the release of **highly antigenic hydatid cyst fluid** (containing protoscolices and hydatid antigens) into the host's system. - This severe Type I hypersensitivity reaction can manifest with **hypotension, tachycardia, bronchospasm, urticaria, angioedema**, and in severe cases, cardiovascular collapse. - Prophylactic antihistamines and corticosteroids are often administered to minimize this risk.

Q: Pringle's manoeuvre is done to stop bleeding at:

Hepatoduodenal ligament. ***Hepatoduodenal ligament*** - **Pringle's manoeuvre** involves clamping the **hepatoduodenal ligament** to temporarily occlude the hepatic artery and portal vein, which are the main blood supply to the liver. - This maneuver is used during **liver surgery** to control or prevent bleeding from the liver parenchyma. *Splenic artery* - The **splenic artery** supplies the spleen and is not directly occluded by Pringle's manoeuvre. - Bleeding from the splenic artery would require direct clamping or **ligation** of that vessel, not compression of the hepatoduodenal ligament. *Renal artery* - The **renal artery** supplies the kidney and is located in the retroperitoneum, far from the liver and the hepatoduodenal ligament. - Pringle's manoeuvre has no effect on blood flow to the kidneys. *Left gastric artery* - The **left gastric artery** supplies the stomach and is a branch of the celiac trunk, which is proximal to the points of compression in Pringle's manoeuvre. - While it is part of the systemic circulation, Pringle's manoeuvre is specific to the blood supply entering the liver via the hepatoduodenal ligament, not individual gastric vessels.

Q: A 32 year old female underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy which was difficult. On her second post operative day, she develops jaundice. Her LFT parameters show serum bilirubin 6.8 mg/dL; direct bilirubin 5.6 and indirect bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL; and serum alkaline phosphatase 1226 IU/L. She is most likely suffering from obstructive jaundice due to:

Bile duct injury. ***Bile duct injury*** - The patient developed jaundice two days after a "difficult" laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which is a common context for **iatrogenic bile duct injury**. - The lab results show **predominantly direct (conjugated) hyperbilirubinemia** and a significantly **elevated alkaline phosphatase**, highly indicative of extrahepatic **obstructive jaundice**. *Hepatocellular carcinoma* - This is unlikely given the **acute onset of jaundice** two days post-surgery; hepatocellular carcinoma typically presents with a more ** insidious onset** and features of chronic liver disease. - While it can cause obstructive jaundice, it is usually due to large masses compressing bile ducts or tumor thrombus in the portal vein, which doesn't fit the immediate postoperative timing. *Carcinoma gallbladder* - Gallbladder carcinoma can cause obstructive jaundice by invading or compressing the bile ducts, but it usually presents with more **chronic symptoms** and is rare in a 32-year-old. - The acute onset immediately following surgery makes an **iatrogenic cause** much more probable than a newly diagnosed cancer. *Carcinoma head of pancreas* - Pancreatic head carcinoma causes **obstructive jaundice** by compressing the common bile duct, but similar to other cancers, it presents more chronically with **weight loss**, **abdominal pain**, and potentially **pancreatitis**. - An acute presentation **post-cholecystectomy** in a young patient is not typical for this diagnosis.

Q: Regarding carcinoma gall bladder following features are true except:

Squamous cell carcinoma is 40% of all cases. ***Squamous cell carcinoma is 40% of all cases*** - This statement is incorrect because **adenocarcinoma** accounts for approximately 90% of all gallbladder carcinomas, while squamous cell carcinoma is rare, representing only about 1-5% of cases. - The vast majority of gallbladder cancers are of glandular origin, reflecting the epithelial lining of the organ. *One can have similar presentation with benign biliary disease* - This is true because symptoms of gallbladder carcinoma such as **right upper quadrant pain**, nausea, and jaundice can mimic those of **gallstones** or cholecystitis, leading to delayed diagnosis. - The **non-specific nature** of early symptoms makes differentiation from benign conditions challenging without further investigation. *Most patients present with advanced disease* - This is true due to the gallbladder's deep anatomical location and the **non-specific nature** of early symptoms, leading to late detection. - Consequently, by the time symptoms become significant enough for diagnosis, the cancer has often **metastasized** or invaded surrounding structures. *Prognosis is poor* - This is true, largely because the disease is typically diagnosed at an **advanced stage** with regional or distant metastasis. - The **aggressive biological behavior** of gallbladder cancer and its resistance to conventional therapies also contribute to a poor prognosis.

Q: Regarding choledochal cysts following features are true except:

Older presentations have an acquired variant. **_Older presentations have an acquired variant_** - Choledochal cysts are universally considered **congenital anomalies** due to an anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction, even if presenting later in life. They are not typically classified into acquired and congenital variants. - While some theories suggest a role for acquired inflammation or obstruction in their development or progression, the underlying predisposition is congenital. *Increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma in older presentations* - The risk of **cholangiocarcinoma** is significantly elevated in patients with choledochal cysts, and this risk increases with age. - Prophylactic excision is recommended due to this malignant potential, particularly in older individuals. *Congenital cysts* - Choledochal cysts are indeed **congenital malformations** of the bile ducts, characterized by cystic dilation of any part of the biliary tree. - The fundamental defect is believed to be an **anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (APBJ)**, leading to reflux of pancreatic enzymes into the bile duct. *60% are diagnosed before 10 years* - A significant proportion of choledochal cysts are diagnosed in **childhood**, with approximately 60% of cases identified before the age of 10 years. - However, around 20% of cases are diagnosed in adulthood, often presenting with complications.

Q: In Pringle Manoeuvre, clamping includes which of the following? 1. Common Bile Duct 2. Hepatic artery 3. Portal vein 4. Inferior Vena Cava

1, 2 and 3. ***1, 2 and 3*** - The **Pringle maneuver** involves clamping structures within the **hepatoduodenal ligament** to temporarily control bleeding from the liver. - The three main structures within the hepatoduodenal ligament that are clamped are the **hepatic artery**, the **portal vein**, and the **common bile duct**. *2, 3 and 4* - This option incorrectly includes the **inferior vena cava (IVC)**, which is not part of the hepatoduodenal ligament and therefore not clamped during a standard Pringle maneuver. - Clamping the IVC would lead to severe hemodynamic instability and is not a part of this routine surgical maneuver. *1, 3 and 4* - This option incorrectly includes the **inferior vena cava (IVC)**, which is not clamped during the Pringle maneuver. - It also omits the **hepatic artery**, a major blood supply to the liver, which must be clamped along with the portal vein to effectively reduce hepatic blood flow. *1, 2 and 4* - This option incorrectly includes the **inferior vena cava (IVC)**, which is located posterior to the liver and not within the hepatoduodenal ligament. - It also omits the **portal vein**, which contributes to the majority of the liver's blood supply and is crucial to occlude during the Pringle maneuver to control bleeding effectively.

Q: After undergoing surgery, for carcinoma of colon, a patient developed single liver metastasis of 2 cm. What would be the next treatment?

Resection. ***Resection*** - For a **single, resectable liver metastasis** from colorectal carcinoma, surgical **resection offers the best chance of cure** and is the gold standard of treatment. - The size of the metastasis (2 cm) is well within the criteria for surgical removal, and the absence of multiple lesions or widespread disease makes it a prime candidate for curative surgery. *Radio frequency ablation* - **RFA** is typically considered for patients with **unresectable liver metastases** or those who are not surgical candidates. - While it can be effective for small lesions, it is generally preferred when resection is not possible due to factors like lesion location (e.g. adjacent to major vessels), patient comorbidities, or multiple lesions. *Chemo-radiation* - **Chemoradiation** is more commonly used in the treatment of the **primary colorectal cancer** itself, especially in locally advanced rectal cancer, or for palliative purposes in metastatic disease. - It is **not the primary curative treatment** for an isolated, resectable liver metastasis. *Acetic acid injection* - **Acetic acid injection** is a form of **chemical ablation** and is sometimes used for small liver tumors, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma. - It is generally considered **less effective and less predictable** than RFA or surgical resection for colorectal liver metastases and is not the preferred treatment for a resectable lesion.

Q: The following conditions are associated with high incidence of pigment gallstones except:

Prosthetic heart valve. The following conditions are associated with high incidence of pigment gallstones except: ***Prosthetic heart valve*** - A prosthetic heart valve is not directly associated with an increased incidence of **pigment gallstones**. Conditions leading to pigment gallstones typically involve **hemolysis** or biliary stasis/infection. - While complications like endocarditis or hemolysis can occur with prosthetic valves, they are not a primary driver of pigment gallstone formation. *Cirrhosis* - **Cirrhosis** is associated with an increased risk of pigment gallstones due to altered bile composition and bile stasis. - The impaired liver function in cirrhosis leads to increased **bilirubin excretion** and precipitation. *Thalassemia* - **Thalassemia** is a hematologic disorder characterized by **chronic hemolysis**, which leads to an overload of unconjugated bilirubin. - This excess bilirubin is then excreted into the bile, increasing the risk of forming **pigment gallstones** [1]. *Ileal disease* - **Ileal disease** (e.g., Crohn's disease affecting the ileum, ileal resection) is primarily associated with an increased risk of **cholesterol gallstones**, not pigment gallstones. - Damage to the ileum impairs bile salt reabsorption, leading to a decreased bile salt pool and supersaturation of cholesterol in the bile.

Q: In gallstone ileus, obstruction most frequently occurs at:

Terminal ileum. ***Terminal ileum*** - In gallstone ileus, the **terminal ileum** (particularly at the **ileocecal valve region**) is the most common site of obstruction, accounting for **60-70%** of cases. - This occurs because the terminal ileum is the **narrowest portion of the small bowel**, creating a natural anatomical bottleneck where large gallstones become impacted. - The **ileocecal valve** represents the point of transition from small to large bowel, and its relatively fixed position and narrow caliber make it the classic site of obstruction. *Proximal ileum* - While gallstones can cause obstruction in the proximal or mid-ileum, this is **less frequent** than terminal ileum obstruction. - The proximal ileum has a relatively wider lumen compared to the terminal ileum, allowing larger stones to pass through more easily. *Jejunum* - The **jejunum** has the widest lumen of the small bowel, making obstruction at this site uncommon. - Gallstones typically pass through the jejunum without causing impaction. *Duodenum* - Duodenal obstruction by a gallstone is called **Bouveret's syndrome** and represents a rare variant (1-4% of gallstone ileus cases). - This occurs when a large stone impacts in the duodenal bulb or pylorus after eroding through a cholecystoduodenal fistula.

Question 1

Pneumobilia can be seen in

Accepted Answer

gallstone ileus

Answer

acute pancreatitis

Answer

Mirizzi's syndrome

Answer

carcinoma gallbladder

Question 2

The percutaneous PAIR therapy used in the treatment of uncomplicated hepatic hydatid cyst can be associated with the following complications, except

Accepted Answer

bradycardia

Answer

hypotension

Answer

vomiting

Answer

anaphylaxis

Question 3

Pringle's manoeuvre is done to stop bleeding at:

Accepted Answer

Hepatoduodenal ligament

Answer

Splenic artery

Answer

Renal artery

Answer

Left gastric artery

Question 4

A 32 year old female underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy which was difficult. On her second post operative day, she develops jaundice. Her LFT parameters show serum bilirubin 6.8 mg/dL; direct bilirubin 5.6 and indirect bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL; and serum alkaline phosphatase 1226 IU/L. She is most likely suffering from obstructive jaundice due to:

Accepted Answer

Bile duct injury

Answer

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer

Carcinoma gallbladder

Answer

Carcinoma head of pancreas

Question 5

Regarding carcinoma gall bladder following features are true except:

Accepted Answer

Squamous cell carcinoma is 40% of all cases

Answer

One can have similar presentation with benign biliary disease

Answer

Most patients present with advanced disease

Answer

Prognosis is poor

Question 6

Regarding choledochal cysts following features are true except:

Accepted Answer

Older presentations have an acquired variant

Answer

Increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma in older presentations

Answer

Congenital cysts

Answer

60% are diagnosed before 10 years

Question 7

In Pringle Manoeuvre, clamping includes which of the following?

1. Common Bile Duct
2. Hepatic artery
3. Portal vein
4. Inferior Vena Cava

Accepted Answer

1, 2 and 3

Answer

2, 3 and 4

Answer

1, 3 and 4

Answer

1, 2 and 4

Question 8

After undergoing surgery, for carcinoma of colon, a patient developed single liver metastasis of 2 cm. What would be the next treatment?

Accepted Answer

Resection

Answer

Radio frequency ablation

Answer

Chemo-radiation

Answer

Acetic acid injection

Question 9

The following conditions are associated with high incidence of pigment gallstones except:

Accepted Answer

Prosthetic heart valve

Answer

Cirrhosis

Answer

Thalassemia

Answer

Ileal disease

Question 10

In gallstone ileus, obstruction most frequently occurs at:

Accepted Answer

Terminal ileum

Answer

Jejunum

Answer

Duodenum

Answer

Proximal ileum

Hepatobiliary Surgery — MCQs

Hepatobiliary Surgery — MCQs

On this page

Practice by Chapter

Want unlimited practice?