NEET-PG 2017 Practice Questions

Q: Hernia that is depicted in the image usually occurs at:

Lateral border of the rectus abdominis. ***Lateral border of the rectus abdominis*** - The image depicts a **Spigelian hernia**, which is a rare type of ventral hernia that occurs through the **Spigelian aponeurosis**. - This aponeurosis is located at the **semilunar line**, which is the curved tendinous intersection found at the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle. *Medial border of the rectus abdominis* - Hernias at the medial border of the rectus abdominis are typically **umbilical or epigastric hernias**, which present differently and are not depicted here. - These are located closer to the midline, unlike the more lateral protrusion shown. *Medial border of transverse abdominis* - The transverse abdominis muscle generally lies deeper and its medial border is not a common site for a hernia like the one shown. - Hernias in this region would not typically present as a bulge along the semilunar line. *Lateral border of transverse abdominis* - The lateral border of the transverse abdominis is situated more posteriorly and superiorly, often near the flank or lumbar region. - Hernias in this area are typically **lumbar hernias**, which are distinct from the anterior bulge seen in the image.

Q: All of the following statements regarding this picture are true except:

They are a result of tractional force. **They are a result of tractional force** - Diverticula as visualized in the image are **pulsion diverticula**, formed due to increased intraluminal pressure pushing the mucosa through weak points in the muscular wall. - **Traction diverticula** are true diverticula involving all layers of the bowel wall, and are typically caused by inflammation or scarring pulling the bowel wall outwards (e.g., in tuberculosis or histoplasmosis near the esophagus), which is not the mechanism for colonic diverticula shown. *False diverticulum* - The image depicts multiple outpouchings, which are characteristic of **false diverticula** (pseudodiverticula). - These diverticula involve only the **mucosa and submucosa** herniating through the muscular layer, lacking a complete muscular coat. *Most common site for this defect is sigmoid colon* - **Colonic diverticula** are most commonly found in the **sigmoid colon** due to its smaller diameter and higher intraluminal pressure, which predisposes it to outpouching. - The characteristic appearance of multiple small outpouchings in the image suggests colonic diverticulosis, consistent with the sigmoid colon being the primary location. *High fiber diet will reduce the incidence of this defect* - A **low-fiber diet** is considered a major risk factor for developing diverticulosis, as it leads to harder stools and increased intraluminal pressure. - Conversely, a **high-fiber diet** promotes softer stools, reduces intracolonic pressure, and is therefore believed to **reduce the incidence** and progression of diverticular disease. *Asymptomatic in majority of cases* - **Diverticulosis** (the presence of diverticula) is asymptomatic in approximately **70-80% of cases**. - Most patients are diagnosed incidentally during colonoscopy or imaging performed for other reasons. - Only a minority develop complications such as diverticulitis, bleeding, or perforation.

Q: A 32-year-old woman with a history of multiple hamartomas scattered throughout the small intestine presents to a physician for follow-up. All are true about her diagnosis except?

Autosomal recessive. ***Autosomal recessive*** - Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is inherited in an **autosomal dominant** pattern, not autosomal recessive. This mode of inheritance means that only one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. - Approximately 50% of cases are caused by a new **STK11 gene mutation**, while the other 50% are inherited from an affected parent. *STK-11 gene mutation* - **Peutz-Jeghers syndrome** is caused by a germline mutation in the **STK11 (LKB1) gene**, which is a tumor suppressor gene. - This mutation leads to the development of hamartomatous polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract and an increased risk of various cancers. *Polyps in jejunum* - The hamartomatous polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, but they are most common in the **small intestine**, including the jejunum. - While they can also be found in the entire GI tract, they are notably present in the jejunum. *Morbidity due to intestinal obstruction* - A common complication and source of morbidity in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is **intestinal obstruction**, often due to **intussusception** caused by the polyps. - Other gastrointestinal complications include bleeding and abdominal pain.

Q: The given IVU shows:

Horseshoe kidney. ***Horse shoe kidney*** - The IVU image clearly shows both kidneys are **fused at their lower poles**, forming a 'U' shape across the midline, characteristic of a **horseshoe kidney**. - This fusion often results in the kidneys lying lower in the abdomen and can cause anatomical variations in the **collecting system and vasculature**, as hinted by the lower position and altered calyces. *Hydronephrosis* - **Hydronephrosis** would manifest as **dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces** due to urine outflow obstruction. - While horseshoe kidneys can be prone to hydronephrosis due to their abnormal anatomy, the primary finding here is the fusion, not significant dilatation. *Polycystic kidney* - **Polycystic kidney disease** would present with multiple **cysts replacing normal kidney parenchyma**, leading to enlarged, typically non-functioning kidneys. - The image does not show multiple fluid-filled sacs or significant renal enlargement typical of polycystic disease. *Duplication of collecting system* - A **duplication of the collecting system** (e.g., duplicate ureters) would show two distinct collecting systems draining from a single kidney. - The image shows a single collecting system for each kidney, albeit abnormally shaped due to the fusion, but not duplicated.

Q: Which of the following kidney stones best explains the findings in this X-ray KUB?

Uric acid. ***Uric acid*** - The X-ray KUB image shows **radio-lucent stones** (stones that are not visible) within the kidneys, which is characteristic of **uric acid** stones. - Uric acid stones appear radio-lucent because they **do not contain calcium** and have a low atomic number, making them poorly visible on plain radiographs. *Xanthine* - **Xanthine stones** are also typically **radio-lucent** on X-ray, similar to uric acid stones. - However, they are much **rarer** than uric acid stones, often associated with genetic disorders of purine metabolism or allopurinol use. *Phosphate* - **Phosphate stones**, such as **calcium phosphate** and **magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)** stones, are typically **radio-opaque** and appear bright white on X-ray. - Struvite stones often grow large, forming **staghorn calculi**, which is not depicted as a radio-opaque lesion here. *Cystine* - **Cystine stones** are usually **faintly radio-opaque** or **semi-opaque** on X-ray, appearing less dense than calcium stones but more dense than uric acid stones. - They tend to form in acidic urine environments due to a genetic defect in amino acid transport.

Q: A 34-year-old male patient complains of sudden severe epigastric pain along with vomiting, tenderness, guarding. On examination there is abdominal rigidity and tachycardia. He admits to taking NSAIDs for pain. The radiological examination of the patient is given below. All statements given below are true except?

Pain often radiates to groin. ***Pain often radiates to groin*** - The clinical presentation (sudden severe epigastric pain, vomiting, tenderness, guarding, rigidity, tachycardia, NSAID use) and the radiological imaging showing **free air under the diaphragm** are highly suggestive of **perforated viscus**, likely a perforated peptic ulcer. - Pain from a perforated ulcer typically **radiates to the shoulder** (due to diaphragmatic irritation) or generalizes throughout the abdomen, but **not typically to the groin**. *Tenderness on per-rectal examination* - **Tenderness on per-rectal examination** can be present in cases of generalized peritonitis, as the inflammation can extend to the pelvic peritoneum. - This finding is consistent with the diffuse inflammation caused by a perforated viscus. *Blumberg sign is positive* - **Blumberg sign**, also known as **rebound tenderness**, is a classic sign of **peritoneal irritation** or peritonitis. - Given the severe abdominal pain, guarding, and rigidity, peritonitis is highly likely in this patient, making a positive Blumberg sign expected. *Dullness over flanks is observed* - **Dullness on percussion over the flanks** indicates the presence of **fluid** in the peritoneal cavity (ascites). - In a perforated viscus, gastric or intestinal contents, along with inflammatory exudates, can accumulate in the dependent areas of the abdomen, leading to dullness in the flanks.

Q: Which hernia repair procedure is shown in the image? (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Lichtenstein repair. ***Lichtenstein repair*** - The image clearly displays a **mesh patch** being used to reinforce the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, which is the hallmark of a **tension-free Lichtenstein repair**. - This technique is widely considered the **gold standard** for **inguinal hernia repair** due to its low recurrence rates and reduced postoperative pain. *Bassini herniorrhaphy* - **Bassini's repair** is a **tissue-based repair** that involves suturing the conjoined tendon and transversalis fascia to the inguinal ligament. - This method does **not use mesh** and is associated with higher tension and recurrence rates compared to mesh-based repairs. *Shouldice repair* - The **Shouldice repair** is another **tissue-based repair** from Canada, renowned for its strong, multilayered closure of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. - It involves **four layers of suture repair** of the transversalis fascia and conjoined tendon, without the use of synthetic mesh as seen in the image. *Lord's procedure* - **Lord's procedure** is a historical method for **inguinal hernia repair** that primarily involved placing a small, tightly rolled mesh plug into the internal ring. - It is **not commonly used today** and does not involve the broad, flat mesh placement depicted in the image to reinforce the entire posterior wall.

Q: A multiparous female presents with the condition shown in the image. This condition can be managed by: (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

McEvedy repair. ***McEvedy repair*** - The image shows a **femoral hernia**, characterized by a bulge below the **inguinal ligament** and lateral to the **pubic tubercle**, commonly seen in multiparous females. The **McEvedy repair** (high approach) is specifically designed for femoral hernias, particularly when **strangulated**, as it allows better assessment of **bowel viability**. - This approach involves an incision extending above the inguinal ligament, providing superior access to the **femoral canal** and allowing for reduction and repair from above, which is ideal for the anatomical location shown. *Bassini repair* - This is a traditional **inguinal hernia repair** method where the **transversus abdominis muscle**, **transversalis fascia**, and **conjoint tendon** are sutured to the inguinal ligament. - It is primarily used for **inguinal hernias**, not femoral hernias, and would not provide adequate access or repair for the condition shown below the inguinal ligament. *Hunters repair* - This term does not correspond to a recognized standard surgical repair technique for hernias and may be a **misnomer** or outdated eponym. - Standard hernia repair names typically refer to specific anatomical repairs like **Shouldice**, **Lichtenstein**, or **McEvedy**, making this option incorrect. *Shouldice repair* - The Shouldice repair is a **tension-based tissue repair** of an **inguinal hernia** that involves **four layers of fascia** being approximated with continuous sutures (not to be confused with the tension-free Lichtenstein mesh repair). - It is specifically designed for **inguinal hernias** and is not suitable for the repair of a **femoral hernia**, which requires a different anatomical approach below the inguinal ligament.

Q: All of the following conditions are visible in the image except: (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Left sided femoral hernia. ***Left sided femoral hernia*** - This is the **correct answer** because a left-sided femoral hernia is **NOT visible in the image**. - The image shows bilateral inguinal hernias, with bulges located **above the inguinal ligament**, characteristic of inguinal hernias. - A **femoral hernia** would present as a bulge **below the inguinal ligament**, inferior and lateral to the pubic tubercle, which is **not depicted on the left side**. *Right sided femoral hernia* - This option is also not visible in the image, but since only one answer can be marked correct, the question focuses on the left side. - The prominent right-sided bulge is located **above the inguinal ligament**, characteristic of an **inguinal hernia**, not a femoral hernia. - A femoral hernia would appear in the upper thigh region, which is not shown on the right. *Right sided inguinal hernia* - This condition **IS visible in the image** as a large, prominent bulge in the right groin region. - The bulge is located in the anatomic area of the **inguinal canal**, superior to the inguinal ligament, consistent with a **right-sided inguinal hernia**. *Left sided inguinal hernia* - This condition **IS visible in the image** as a smaller but distinct bulge in the left groin region. - The bulge is in the characteristic location for an **inguinal hernia** above the inguinal ligament on the left side.

Q: All are true about the conditions shown in the figure except?

Painless intermittent hematuria. ***Painless intermittent hematuria*** - While hematuria **can occur** with vesical calculus, the **classic teaching** emphasizes that **painless hematuria should raise suspicion for bladder malignancy** rather than benign calculus. - In bladder stones, hematuria is typically **associated with other symptoms** such as dysuria, frequency, suprapubic pain, and urgency, making it part of a **symptomatic complex** rather than an isolated painless finding. - The **key distinguishing feature** is that isolated, painless intermittent hematuria without other urinary symptoms is **more characteristic of bladder cancer** than vesical calculus. - Therefore, while hematuria occurs with bladder stones, **"painless intermittent hematuria" as an isolated finding** is NOT the typical presentation pattern. *Vesical calculus* - The image shows a large **radio-opaque shadow** in the bladder region, consistent with a **vesical calculus** (bladder stone). - Bladder stones result from urinary stasis, infection, bladder outlet obstruction (BPH), or foreign bodies. - Symptoms include dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and hematuria. *Holmium laser* - **Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy** is an effective endoscopic treatment for bladder stones. - The laser fragments stones into small pieces that can be irrigated out or extracted. - It has advantages of being minimally invasive with excellent stone-free rates. *Litholapaxy* - **Litholapaxy** is the standard endoscopic procedure for bladder stone removal. - Involves mechanical fragmentation using a **lithotrite** followed by evacuation of fragments. - Performed through a cystoscope under vision, making it safe and effective for most bladder stones.

Question 1

Hernia that is depicted in the image usually occurs at:

Accepted Answer

Lateral border of the rectus abdominis

Answer

Medial border of the rectus abdominis

Answer

Medial border of transverse abdominis

Answer

Lateral border of transverse abdominis

Question 2

All of the following statements regarding this picture are true except:

Accepted Answer

They are a result of tractional force

Answer

False diverticulum

Answer

Most common site for this defect is sigmoid colon

Answer

High fiber diet will reduce the incidence of this defect

Answer

Asymptomatic in majority of cases

Question 3

A 32-year-old woman with a history of multiple hamartomas scattered throughout the small intestine presents to a physician for follow-up. All are true about her diagnosis except?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive

Answer

STK-11 gene mutation

Answer

Polyps in jejunum

Answer

Morbidity due to intestinal obstruction

Question 4

The given IVU shows:

Accepted Answer

Horseshoe kidney

Answer

Hydronephrosis

Answer

Polycystic kidney

Answer

Duplication of collecting system

Question 5

Which of the following kidney stones best explains the findings in this X-ray KUB?

Accepted Answer

Uric acid

Answer

Xanthine

Answer

Phosphate

Answer

Cystine

Question 6

A 34-year-old male patient complains of sudden severe epigastric pain along with vomiting, tenderness, guarding. On examination there is abdominal rigidity and tachycardia. He admits to taking NSAIDs for pain. The radiological examination of the patient is given below. All statements given below are true except?

Accepted Answer

Pain often radiates to groin

Answer

Tenderness on per-rectal examination

Answer

Blumberg sign is positive

Answer

Dullness over flanks is observed

Answer

Obliteration of liver dullness on percussion

Question 7

Which hernia repair procedure is shown in the image? (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Accepted Answer

Lichtenstein repair

Answer

Bassini herniorrhaphy

Answer

Shouldice repair

Answer

Lord's procedure

Question 8

A multiparous female presents with the condition shown in the image. This condition can be managed by: (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Accepted Answer

McEvedy repair

Answer

Bassini repair

Answer

Hunters repair

Answer

Shouldice repair

Question 9

All of the following conditions are visible in the image except: (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Accepted Answer

Left sided femoral hernia

Answer

Right sided femoral hernia

Answer

Right sided inguinal hernia

Answer

Left sided inguinal hernia

Question 10

All are true about the conditions shown in the figure except?

Accepted Answer

Painless intermittent hematuria

Answer

Vesical calculus

Answer

Holmium laser

Answer

Litholapaxy

NEET-PG 2017

Anatomy

Internal Medicine

Pathology

Radiology

Surgery