Gastrosplenic ligament contains ?
Which of the following is a derivative of ventral mesogastrium ?
What is the correct sequence of uterine blood flow?
Nerve supply of stapedius is:
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is examined by
Which of the following is not a posterior relation of the right kidney?
What muscle is attached to the superior nuchal line?
Which of the following structures is not related to the third part of the duodenum?
Which nerve is preserved in dissecting the superficial and deep lobes of the parotid gland?
Which intrinsic ocular muscle responsible for pupillary constriction is supplied by parasympathetic innervation?
NEET-PG 2015 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 21: Gastrosplenic ligament contains ?
- A. Splenic vessels
- B. Tail of pancreas
- C. Short gastric artery (Correct Answer)
- D. Portal vein
Explanation: ***Short gastric artery*** - The **short gastric arteries** are branches of the **splenic artery** and supply the **fundus** and upper part of the **greater curvature** of the stomach. - These vessels travel within the **gastrosplenic ligament** (or gastrosplenic omentum), connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the hilum of the spleen [1]. *Splenic vessels* - The **splenic artery** and **vein** primarily travel within the **splenorenal ligament** (or lienorenal ligament), connecting the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall. - These major vessels supply and drain the spleen itself, not typically running within the gastrosplenic ligament [1]. *Tail of pancreas* - The **tail of the pancreas** is typically located within the **splenorenal ligament**, closely associated with the **hilum of the spleen** [1]. - It does not extend into the gastrosplenic ligament, which connects the stomach to the spleen. *Portal vein* - The **portal vein** is a major vessel formed by the confluence of the **splenic vein** and **superior mesenteric vein**, and it is located in the **hepatoduodenal ligament** (part of the lesser omentum) along with the hepatic artery and common bile duct. - This vessel is far removed from the gastrosplenic ligament, which is situated between the stomach and spleen.
Question 22: Which of the following is a derivative of ventral mesogastrium ?
- A. Lesser omentum (Correct Answer)
- B. Splenorenal ligament
- C. Greater omentum
- D. Gastrosplenic ligament
Explanation: ***Lesser omentum*** - The **lesser omentum** is formed from the **ventral mesogastrium**, which connects the developing stomach to the anterior abdominal wall [1]. - It specifically derives from the part of the ventral mesogastrium that encloses the developing liver and extends to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the duodenum [1]. *Greater omentum* - The **greater omentum** develops from the **dorsal mesogastrium**, which means it is a derivative of the dorsal rather than the ventral mesentery [1]. - It arises from a rapid growth and fusion of the **dorsal mesogastrium**, hanging from the greater curvature of the stomach. *Splenorenal ligament* - The **splenorenal ligament** develops from the **dorsal mesogastrium**, specifically from the portion that connects the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall (near the kidney). - Its formation is a consequence of the rotation of the stomach and the development of the spleen within the dorsal mesentery. *Gastrosplenic ligament* - The **gastrosplenic ligament** is also derived from the **dorsal mesogastrium**, connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the hilum of the spleen. - As the stomach rotates, the dorsal mesogastrium expands, eventually forming both the gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments.
Question 23: What is the correct sequence of uterine blood flow?
- A. Uterine A → Radial A → Arcuate A → Spiral A
- B. Uterine A → Spiral A → Radial A → Arcuate A
- C. Uterine A → Arcuate A → Spiral A → Radial A
- D. Uterine A → Arcuate A → Radial A → Spiral A (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Uterine A → Arcuate A → Radial A → Spiral A*** - The **uterine artery** is the primary blood supply, branching into several arteries within the myometrium. - **Arcuate arteries** encircle the uterus, giving off perpendicular branches called **radial arteries**, which then give rise to the **spiral arteries** that supply the endometrium [1]. *Uterine A → Radial A → Arcuate A → Spiral A* - This sequence is incorrect because **radial arteries** arise from **arcuate arteries**, not the other way around. - **Arcuate arteries** are larger circumferential vessels that branch into the smaller radial arteries. *Uterine A → Spiral A → Radial A → Arcuate A* - This sequence is highly incorrect as **spiral arteries** are the most distal branches supplying the endometrium, not preceding radial or arcuate arteries [1]. - The flow is from larger to smaller vessels, with **spiral arteries** being the smallest and most terminal. *Uterine A → Arcuate A → Spiral A → Radial A* - This sequence incorrectly places **spiral arteries** before **radial arteries**. - **Radial arteries** are the immediate precursors to **spiral arteries**, providing direct branches to them.
Question 24: Nerve supply of stapedius is:
- A. Facial nerve (7th nerve) (Correct Answer)
- B. Oculomotor nerve (3rd nerve)
- C. Trigeminal nerve (5th nerve)
- D. Glossopharyngeal nerve (9th nerve)
Explanation: ***Facial nerve (7th nerve)*** - The **facial nerve** is responsible for innervating the **stapedius muscle**, which helps to dampen loud sounds by pulling the stapes away from the oval window. - A lesion in the facial nerve can lead to **hyperacusis** due to the paralysis of the stapedius muscle. *Oculomotor nerve (3rd nerve)* - The **oculomotor nerve** primarily controls **eye movements** and **pupil constriction**. - It does not have any direct involvement in the innervation of middle ear muscles. *Trigeminal nerve (5th nerve)* - The **trigeminal nerve** is responsible for **sensation of the face** and innervates the **muscles of mastication**. - It provides motor supply to the **tensor tympani muscle**, not the stapedius. *Glossopharyngeal nerve (9th nerve)* - The **glossopharyngeal nerve** is primarily involved in **taste sensation** from the posterior tongue, **swallowing**, and mediating the **gag reflex**. - It does not innervate any muscles of the middle ear.
Question 25: The sternocleidomastoid muscle is examined by
- A. Shrugging of shoulder
- B. Overhead abduction
- C. Turning the head towards the same side to assess the muscle on that side
- D. Turning the head towards the opposite side to assess the muscle on that side (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Turning the head towards the opposite side to assess the muscle on that side*** - The **sternocleidomastoid muscle** unilaterally acts to rotate the head to the **contralateral side**. - To palpate or visually inspect the right sternocleidomastoid, the patient would turn their head to the left, making the right muscle prominent. *Turning the head towards the same side to assess the muscle on that side* - Turning the head towards the same side primarily engages the **ipsilateral deep neck flexors** and **splenius capitis**, not the sternocleidomastoid. - This action would relax the sternocleidomastoid on the side towards which the head is turned, making it difficult to assess. *Shrugging of shoulder* - Shrugging the shoulder is primarily an action of the **trapezius** and **levator scapulae muscles**. - The sternocleidomastoid does not contribute significantly to shoulder elevation. *Overhead abduction* - Overhead abduction of the arm is primarily performed by the **deltoid muscle** and assisted by the **supraspinatus**. - This movement is entirely unrelated to the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Question 26: Which of the following is not a posterior relation of the right kidney?
- A. Subcostal nerve
- B. Diaphragm
- C. 11th rib (Correct Answer)
- D. Ilioinguinal nerve
Explanation: ***11th rib*** - The right kidney typically extends from the 12th thoracic vertebra to the 3rd lumbar vertebra, usually covered by the **12th rib**. - The **11th rib** is usually a posterior relation of the **left kidney**, due to the lower position of the right kidney compared to the left kidney. *Diaphragm* - The diaphragm lies **posterior** to both the right and left kidneys, separating them from the pleura and lungs. - This anatomical relationship means that renal procedures or severe kidney infections can sometimes affect the thoracic cavity. *Subcostal nerve* - The **subcostal nerve** (T12) runs inferior to the 12th rib and passes **posterior** to both kidneys. - It provides sensory innervation to the skin and motor innervation to abdominal muscles. *Ilioinguinal nerve* - The **ilioinguinal nerve** (L1) emerges from the lumbar plexus and travels **posterior** to the inferior pole of both kidneys [1]. - It primarily provides sensory innervation to the groin and parts of the external genitalia.
Question 27: What muscle is attached to the superior nuchal line?
- A. Trapezius muscle (Correct Answer)
- B. Scalenus anterior
- C. Coracobrachialis muscle
- D. Biceps Brachii muscle
Explanation: ***Trapezius muscle*** - The **trapezius muscle** is a large, triangular muscle of the back that extends from the **occipital bone** (including the superior nuchal line) to the lower thoracic vertebrae. - Its **superior fibers** originate from the **medial one-third of the superior nuchal line** and the external occipital protuberance. *Scalenus anterior* - The **scalenus anterior** muscle originates from the **transverse processes of cervical vertebrae**, specifically C3-C6. - It inserts onto the **first rib** and is involved in neck flexion and elevation of the first rib during forced inspiration. *Coracobrachialis muscle* - The **coracobrachialis muscle** originates from the **coracoid process of the scapula**. - It inserts into the **medial surface of the humerus** and is involved in shoulder flexion and adduction. *Biceps Brachii muscle* - The **biceps brachii muscle** has two heads: the short head originates from the **coracoid process**, and the long head originates from the **supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula**. - It inserts onto the **radial tuberosity** and is primarily responsible for elbow flexion and forearm supination.
Question 28: Which of the following structures is not related to the third part of the duodenum?
- A. Superior mesenteric vessels
- B. Right ureter
- C. Head of pancreas
- D. Quadrate lobe of liver (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Quadrate lobe of liver*** - The **quadrate lobe of the liver** is located on the visceral surface of the liver, bounded by the gallbladder fossa, ligamentum teres, and porta hepatis. [1] - It is anatomically related to the **first part of the duodenum** and the pylorus, but has **no direct relationship** with the retroperitoneal **third part of the duodenum**, which lies at the L3 vertebral level. [2] - The third part of the duodenum is too inferior and posterior to have any relationship with the quadrate lobe. *Superior mesenteric vessels* - The **superior mesenteric artery** and **vein** cross **anteriorly** to the **third part of the duodenum** as it runs horizontally from right to left. - The duodenum passes between the aorta posteriorly and the superior mesenteric vessels anteriorly, creating a potential site for compression (**superior mesenteric artery syndrome**). *Right ureter* - The **right ureter** is a **posterior relation** of the **third part of the duodenum**, as both structures are retroperitoneal. [2] - The ureter descends on the psoas major muscle, passing behind the third part of the duodenum during its course toward the pelvis. *Head of pancreas* - The **head of pancreas**, specifically the **uncinate process**, lies **superior and posterior** to the **third part of the duodenum**. - The uncinate process hooks around posteriorly to the superior mesenteric vessels and has an intimate relationship with the third part of the duodenum.
Question 29: Which nerve is preserved in dissecting the superficial and deep lobes of the parotid gland?
- A. Glossopharyngeal
- B. Hypoglossal
- C. Lingual
- D. Facial (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Correct: Facial*** - The **facial nerve (CN VII)** passes directly through the parotid gland, dividing it into superficial and deep lobes. Dissection of these lobes requires careful identification and preservation of the facial nerve and its branches to avoid paralysis. - Injury to the facial nerve during parotidectomy can lead to various degrees of **facial paralysis**, affecting muscle movements like smiling, eye closure, and forehead wrinkling. *Incorrect: Glossopharyngeal* - The **glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)** supplies the carotid sinus and stylopharyngeus muscle and provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland via the otic ganglion. - It does not traverse the parotid gland itself, so it is not directly at risk during the dissection of the superficial and deep lobes. *Incorrect: Hypoglossal* - The **hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)** primarily controls the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, responsible for tongue movement. - It is located inferior to the parotid gland and is not in the field of dissection for separating the parotid lobes. *Incorrect: Lingual* - The **lingual nerve**, a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3), provides sensation to the **anterior two-thirds of the tongue** and carries parasympathetic fibers for submandibular and sublingual glands. - While it is in the general vicinity of the orofacial region, it does not pass through the parotid gland and is therefore not directly at risk during the dissection of the parotid lobe.
Question 30: Which intrinsic ocular muscle responsible for pupillary constriction is supplied by parasympathetic innervation?
- A. Constrictor pupillae (Correct Answer)
- B. Dilator pupillae
- C. Levator palpebrae superioris
- D. Ciliary muscle
Explanation: ***Constrictor pupillae*** - The **constrictor pupillae** (or **sphincter pupillae**) muscle is responsible for **miosis** (pupil constriction) and is innervated by **parasympathetic fibers** from the **oculomotor nerve (CN III)** via the **ciliary ganglion** [1]. - Stimulation of this muscle reduces the pupil size, which is a key part of the **light reflex** and **accommodation reflex** [1]. - This is the **only pupillary muscle** with parasympathetic innervation. *Ciliary muscle* - The **ciliary muscle** is involved in **accommodation**, altering the shape of the lens for focusing on near objects [1]. - While it also receives **parasympathetic innervation** from the ciliary ganglion, it does **not control pupil size**. - Its function is to change **lens curvature**, not pupillary diameter. *Levator palpebrae superioris* - This muscle is responsible for **elevating the upper eyelid**. - It is innervated by the **somatic motor fibers** of the **oculomotor nerve (CN III)**, not parasympathetic fibers. - It is **not an intrinsic ocular muscle** but rather an extraocular muscle. *Dilator pupillae* - The **dilator pupillae** muscle causes **mydriasis** (pupil dilation). - This muscle is innervated by **sympathetic fibers**, originating from the superior cervical ganglion, not parasympathetic fibers.