NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Scalp and face are involved in-

Infantile scabies. ***Infantile scabies*** - In **infants** and young children, scabies can present with widespread lesions, often involving the **head, neck, face, palms, and soles**, unlike in adults. - The immune system in infants is less developed, leading to more generalized and severe manifestations. - This is the characteristic distribution pattern that distinguishes infantile scabies. *Nodular scabies* - Characterized by persistent red-brown **nodules**, typically located in the axillae, groin, and scrotum. - While a variant of scabies, it does not specifically involve the scalp and face as a primary distinguishing feature. - These nodules can persist even after treatment. *Norwegian scabies* - Also called **crusted scabies**, this severe form occurs in immunocompromised patients. - Characterized by **thick, crusted lesions** with millions of mites, highly contagious. - While it can involve extensive body areas including face in immunocompromised hosts, the typical presenting feature is thick crusts, not the predilection for scalp/face seen in infantile scabies. *Adult scabies* - In adults, scabies typically spares the **head and neck** area, affecting interdigital spaces, wrists, elbows, axillae, and groin. - Involvement of the face and scalp is rare in adults, unless they are immunocompromised. - This distribution pattern is the key differentiating feature from infantile scabies.

Q: DNA fingerprinting can be done with all, except:

RBC. ***RBC*** - **Mature red blood cells** lack a nucleus and therefore do not contain **DNA**. - DNA fingerprinting relies on analyzing an individual's unique DNA sequence, which is not present in RBCs. *Saliva* - Saliva contains **epithelial cells** from the mouth, which have intact nuclei and thus sufficient DNA for analysis [2]. - It is a common and non-invasive source of DNA for forensic and genetic testing [2]. *WBC* - **White blood cells** (leukocytes) are nucleated cells that contain a full complement of DNA [2]. - They are an excellent source of DNA for genetic analysis, including DNA fingerprinting. *Spermatozoa* - **Sperm cells** are haploid and contain a nucleus with DNA, making them suitable for DNA fingerprinting [1]. - They are frequently used in forensic cases, particularly in sexual assault investigations [1].

Q: Medical etiquette is related to:

Courtesy observed between doctors. ***Courtesy observed between doctors*** - **Medical etiquette** refers to the code of conduct and conventional rules governing **professional courtesy and behavior between medical practitioners**. - It encompasses the proper way doctors should interact with their **professional colleagues**, including referral practices, respecting each other's patients, and maintaining professional dignity. - This is the classical and specific definition of medical etiquette as taught in forensic medicine and medical jurisprudence. *Professional guidelines for doctors* - This term is **too broad and vague** as it could encompass ethics, etiquette, legal obligations, and clinical protocols. - While etiquette is part of professional conduct, this option lacks the specificity that defines medical etiquette as **interpersonal courtesy among doctors**. *Legal obligations of doctors* - These relate to **medical jurisprudence** and include legally binding duties like maintaining confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, and following medicolegal procedures. - Legal obligations are enforced by law, whereas etiquette deals with **conventional professional courtesy**, not legal mandates. *Ethical principles guiding doctors* - **Medical ethics** encompasses broader moral principles like beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. - Ethics provides the philosophical and moral framework for medical practice, while etiquette is specifically about **conventional rules of professional behavior and courtesy** between doctors.

Q: Foamy liver is seen in:

Putrefaction. ***Putrefaction*** - **Foamy liver** is a characteristic post-mortem finding in **putrefaction**, the process of post-mortem decomposition of body tissues. - **Gas-forming bacteria** (especially Clostridium species) produce gases like **hydrogen sulfide, methane, and carbon dioxide** that accumulate within the liver parenchyma. - This creates multiple **gas bubbles** throughout the liver tissue, giving it a characteristic **frothy or foamy appearance** on sectioning. - This is part of the broader putrefactive changes that include gas accumulation in blood vessels (marbling), body cavities, and soft tissues. *Arsenic poisoning* - Acute arsenic poisoning causes **fatty degeneration of the liver**, congestion, and characteristic gastrointestinal findings. - Post-mortem findings include **"rice water" stools**, gastroenteritis, and hepatic congestion, but NOT the foamy liver appearance. - The liver may show fatty changes and cellular necrosis, but gas bubble formation is not a characteristic feature. *Electrocution* - **Electrocution** causes death primarily through cardiac arrest or respiratory paralysis. - Post-mortem findings include **thermal burns** at entry and exit points, Joule burns, and sometimes arborescent markings. - It does not cause foamy liver; tissue changes are related to current passage and thermal effects. *Hanging* - **Hanging** results in **asphyxial death** with characteristic findings of mechanical asphyxia. - Typical findings include **ligature mark**, petechial hemorrhages, facial congestion, and cyanosis. - Does not cause foamy liver, as gas production within hepatic tissue is not a consequence of mechanical asphyxia.

Q: Cause of death for drowning in cold water:

Inability to breathe (asphyxia). ***Inability to breathe (asphyxia)*** - Drowning fundamentally involves **inhalation of water** into the airway, which prevents gas exchange in the lungs, leading to **asphyxia**. - In cold water, the initial gasp reflex can lead to rapid aspiration of water, causing immediate **laryngospasm** and closure of the airway, resulting in inability to breathe. - Asphyxia remains the **most common mechanism** across all types of drowning, including cold water cases. *Loss of consciousness due to hypoxia* - While **hypoxia** certainly occurs in drowning due to lack of gas exchange, loss of consciousness is a *consequence* of prolonged asphyxia, not the primary cause of death. - The immediate cause of death is the inability to oxygenate the blood due to water filling the lungs or severe laryngospasm. *Cardiac arrest due to vagal inhibition* - **Vagal inhibition** (also called **hydrocution** or **immersion syndrome**) is an important mechanism specifically in **cold water drowning**. - Sudden immersion in cold water can trigger massive vagal stimulation leading to immediate cardiac arrest (often asystole) before significant water aspiration occurs. - However, this mechanism occurs in a **minority of cold water drowning cases**, while asphyxia remains the predominant cause of death overall. *Cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation* - **Ventricular fibrillation** can be a terminal event in drowning, often secondary to severe hypoxia and hypothermia, but it is usually not the initial or primary cause of death. - The cessation of breathing and subsequent lack of oxygen directly lead to organ failure, including cardiac dysrhythmias, rather than ventricular fibrillation being the independent initial event.

Q: Burking includes:

Chest compression and airway obstruction. ***Chest compression and airway obstruction*** - Burking is a **homicidal method** of suffocation that involves **covering the mouth and nose** (airway obstruction) combined with **compressing the chest or abdomen** to prevent breathing. - Named after **William Burke**, this technique was used to kill victims without leaving obvious signs of violence, making deaths appear natural. *Ligature strangulation* - Involves using a **cord, rope, or similar object** around the neck to compress blood vessels and/or airway. - Leaves characteristic **ligature marks** on the neck, which burking aims to avoid by using manual compression instead. *Drowning mechanism* - Involves **submersion in liquid** causing respiratory impairment and asphyxia. - Completely different mechanism from burking, which involves **manual suffocation** on dry land without water involvement. *Hanging technique* - Hanging involves **suspension of the body by the neck**, causing death through compression of neck structures. - This is completely different from burking and leaves distinct **hanging marks** on the neck, which burking specifically avoids.

Q: A witness, who after taking oath, willfully makes a statement which he knows or believes to be false is guilty of offence under section:

193 IPC. ***193 IPC*** - **Section 193 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC)** is the substantive offense provision that prescribes **punishment for giving false evidence** in a judicial proceeding. - Making a false statement under oath, knowing it to be false, makes a person **guilty under Section 193 IPC**, which provides for imprisonment up to 7 years and fine. - This is the operative section under which prosecution is initiated for perjury. *191 IPC* - **Section 191 IPC** defines what constitutes "giving false evidence" - it describes the act but does not prescribe punishment. - While the question describes an act that fits Section 191's definition, the person is charged and found guilty under **Section 193**, which is the punishment provision. - Section 191 is a definitional section, not the offense section itself. *192 IPC* - **Section 192 IPC** deals with **fabricating false evidence**, which involves creating or manufacturing evidence (making false entries in documents, causing circumstances to exist, etc.). - This focuses on the act of *fabricating* rather than directly *giving* a false statement under oath in proceedings. *190 IPC* - **Section 190 IPC** deals with **threat of injury** to induce a person to refrain from applying for protection to a public servant. - This section is entirely unrelated to giving false evidence or making false statements under oath.

Q: Common deformity in Chiari II malformation is -

Syringomyelia. ***Syringomyelia*** - **Syringomyelia** is a common deformity associated with Chiari II malformation, characterized by a **fluid-filled cyst (syrinx)** within the spinal cord. - This cyst can expand and damage the spinal cord, leading to symptoms such as **pain**, **weakness**, and **sensory deficits**. *Hydrocephalus* - While **hydrocephalus** (excess CSF in the brain) is frequently seen with Chiari II malformation, it is a **complication** or associated condition rather than a specific deformity caused by the malformation itself [1]. - It often results from the **obstruction of CSF flow** due to the displacement of hindbrain structures [1]. *Meningo myelocele* - **Meningomyelocele** is a severe form of **spina bifida** where the spinal cord and its coverings protrude through an opening in the spine. - It is often associated with Chiari II malformation, as they share a common developmental origin, but it is a primary **neural tube defect**, not a deformity specifically *caused by* Chiari II. *All of the options* - While all three conditions (syringomyelia, hydrocephalus, and meningomyelocele) are often seen in conjunction with Chiari II malformation, only **syringomyelia** is directly considered a "deformity" or direct consequence resulting from the herniation of brain tissue characteristic of Chiari II. - Hydrocephalus and meningomyelocele are either associated conditions or complications, rather than a direct structural deformity of the brainstem and cerebellum.

Q: Why do eyebrows not grow beyond a certain length?

Anagen phase. **Anagen phase** - The **anagen phase**, or growing phase, is significantly shorter for eyebrow hairs (typically 30-45 days) compared to scalp hair (2-7 years), which limits their maximum length. - The duration of this active growth phase **determines the ultimate length** hair can reach before it transitions to resting and shedding. *Telogen phase* - The **telogen phase** is a **resting phase** where the hair follicle is completely inactive; it does not contribute to the hair's growth or final length. - During this phase, the old hair is shed to make way for new hair growth, but it is not the phase that dictates the maximum length. *Catagen phase* - The **catagen phase** is a **transitional phase** lasting about 2-3 weeks, during which hair growth stops and the hair follicle shrinks. - This phase prepares the hair for resting and shedding but does not directly limit how long the hair grows. *Exogen phase* - The **exogen phase** is when a hair is **shed from the follicle**, often aided by activities like washing or brushing. - This phase is responsible for hair shedding, not for limiting the maximum length hair can attain.

Q: Enhancement in CT contrast is due to -

Iodine. ***Iodine*** - **Iodine-based contrast agents** are commonly used in CT scans to enhance the visualization of blood vessels, organs, and certain lesions due to their **high atomic number** and ability to absorb X-rays. - The degree of enhancement observed on a CT image is directly proportional to the concentration of **iodine** in the tissue or blood. *Gadolinium* - **Gadolinium-based contrast agents** are predominantly used in **Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)**, not CT scans. - Gadolinium works by altering the **magnetic properties** of water molecules in tissues, thereby improving MRI signal intensity. *Mercury* - **Mercury** is a highly toxic heavy metal and is **not used as a contrast agent** in any imaging modality due to its severe health risks. - While historically used in some medical applications, it has been replaced by safer alternatives. *Silver* - **Silver** is not used as a contrast agent in medical imaging; it has no suitable properties for enhancing images in CT or other common modalities. - It is known for its **antimicrobial properties** and is sometimes used in wound dressings.

Question 1

Scalp and face are involved in-

Accepted Answer

Infantile scabies

Answer

Nodular scabies

Answer

Norwegian scabies

Answer

Adult scabies

Question 2

DNA fingerprinting can be done with all, except:

Accepted Answer

RBC

Answer

Saliva

Answer

WBC

Answer

Spermatozoa

Question 3

Medical etiquette is related to:

Accepted Answer

Courtesy observed between doctors

Answer

Legal obligations of doctors

Answer

Professional guidelines for doctors

Answer

Ethical principles guiding doctors

Question 4

Foamy liver is seen in:

Accepted Answer

Putrefaction

Answer

Arsenic poisoning

Answer

Electrocution

Answer

Hanging

Question 5

Cause of death for drowning in cold water:

Accepted Answer

Inability to breathe (asphyxia)

Answer

Loss of consciousness due to hypoxia

Answer

Cardiac arrest due to vagal inhibition

Answer

Cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation

Question 6

Burking includes:

Accepted Answer

Chest compression and airway obstruction

Answer

Ligature strangulation

Answer

Drowning mechanism

Answer

Hanging technique

Question 7

A witness, who after taking oath, willfully makes a statement which he knows or believes to be false is guilty of offence under section:

Accepted Answer

193 IPC

Answer

192 IPC

Answer

191 IPC

Answer

190 IPC

Question 8

Common deformity in Chiari II malformation is -

Accepted Answer

Syringomyelia

Answer

Hydrocephalus

Answer

Meningo myelocele

Answer

All of the options

Question 9

Why do eyebrows not grow beyond a certain length?

Accepted Answer

Anagen phase

Answer

Telogen phase

Answer

Catagen phase

Answer

Exogen phase

Question 10

Enhancement in CT contrast is due to -

Accepted Answer

Iodine

Answer

Gadolinium

Answer

Mercury

Answer

Silver

NEET-PG 2013

Dermatology

Forensic Medicine

Internal Medicine

Physiology

Radiology