NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Mechanism of cyanide poisoning is by inhibiting:

Cytochrome oxidase. ***Cytochrome oxidase*** - Cyanide poisoning works by **irreversibly binding** to the ferric ion (Fe3+) in **cytochrome c oxidase** (Complex IV) of the electron transport chain. - This binding prevents the enzyme from carrying electrons to oxygen, thereby **halting cellular respiration** and ATP production. *Mitochondrial DNA synthesis* - While mitochondria are affected, cyanide does not primarily disrupt **DNA synthesis** in these organelles. - Its main target is the process of energy generation, not genetic replication. *ATP production* - Although cyanide poisoning ultimately leads to a **cessation of ATP production**, this is the *consequence* of its action, not the primary mechanism. - The direct mechanism involves inhibiting a key enzyme in the electron transport chain. *Electron transport chain* - Cyanide does indeed inhibit the **electron transport chain**, but this option is too broad. - The most specific mechanism targets a particular complex within the chain, which is **cytochrome oxidase**.

Q: In criminal cases, conduct money is paid by:

No conduct money is given. ***No conduct money is given*** - In most criminal law systems, **witnesses compelled to testify** by the prosecution are generally not entitled to conduct money. - The state bears the cost of investigation and prosecution, and witnesses are expected to cooperate in the interest of justice. - This is in contrast to civil cases where the party calling the witness typically pays conduct money for their attendance. *Court* - The court itself does not typically pay conduct money to witnesses in criminal cases. - While it oversees the legal process, the financial aspects of witness appearance are usually handled by the parties involved or the state. *Judge* - A **judge** does not personally disburse funds for conduct money. - The judge's role is to preside over the trial and ensure due process, not to manage financial transactions related to witnesses. *Opposing party* - The opposing party (typically the defense) also does not pay conduct money to witnesses testifying for the prosecution in a criminal case. - If the defense calls its own witnesses, their appearance costs would be a matter for the defense, but this differs significantly from the concept of conduct money in civil cases.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of close-range shotgun wounds?

Beveling of bone at exit wound. ***Beveling of bone at exit wound*** - **Beveling of bone is NOT a characteristic feature specific to close-range shotgun wounds** - Beveling relates to the **projectile-bone interaction** and the mechanics of bone perforation, not the range of fire - **Internal (exit) beveling** occurs when the projectile creates a cone-shaped defect as it exits the bone, occurring at **any firing distance** when bone is perforated - This is a feature determined by **projectile trajectory and energy**, not by whether the wound is close-range or distant *Contact wound with stellate laceration* - This is **highly characteristic** of contact or very close-range shotgun wounds (muzzle pressed against skin) - The **hot gases expand beneath the skin** causing irregular, star-shaped (stellate) tearing - Classic forensic finding in contact shotgun wounds *Powder tattooing around entry wound* - **Powder tattooing (stippling) IS characteristic** of close-range shotgun wounds - Occurs at **intermediate range (typically 6 inches to 3 feet)** where unburnt powder grains embed in the skin - Creates a characteristic pattern of small abrasions and contusions around the entry wound - Absent only in contact wounds (powder driven into wound) or distant wounds (powder disperses) *Abrasion collar around entry wound* - **Abrasion collar IS characteristic** of close-range shotgun wounds (and most gunshot wounds) - Results from the **bullet or pellets abrading the skin** as they enter - Creates a rim of scraped epidermis around the wound margin - Present in both close-range and distant shotgun wounds

Q: Which parameter in vitreous humor is most commonly used to estimate the time since death?

K+ level. ***K+ level*** - After death, cell membranes lose their integrity, leading to a steady leakage of **potassium ions** from intracellular to extracellular compartments, including the vitreous humor. - The rate of increase in **vitreous potassium** is relatively predictable and is thus a reliable indicator for estimating the **post-mortem interval (PMI)**. *Urea level* - While urea is present in vitreous humor, its post-mortem changes are not as consistent or well-defined for precise **PMI estimation** compared to potassium. - Urea levels are more influenced by pre-mortem renal function and other physiological factors, making it less reliable. *Na+ level* - **Sodium ion** concentrations in the vitreous humor tend to be relatively stable after death for a longer period compared to potassium. - The changes are not as pronounced or as linearly progressive as potassium, making it a less accurate marker for early **PMI estimation**. *Glucose level* - **Vitreous glucose** levels decrease rapidly after death due to continued glycolysis by residual cells and microorganisms. - While the decrease is significant, it's highly variable and influenced by factors like environmental temperature and bacterial contamination, making it less consistent for precise **PMI estimation**.

Q: Algor mortis is defined as:

Cooling of body. ***Cooling of body (Algor mortis)*** - **Algor mortis** specifically refers to the **post-mortem cooling** of the body until it matches the temperature of the surrounding environment. - This process is used in forensic pathology to estimate the **time of death**, as the rate of cooling is somewhat predictable under standard conditions. - The body typically cools at approximately **1-1.5°F per hour** in temperate conditions, though this varies with environmental factors. *Hypostasis* - **Hypostasis**, also known as **livor mortis** or lividity, is the **pooling of blood** in the capillaries of the skin due to gravity after circulation ceases. - This results in a discoloration of the skin, typically purplish-red, in dependent areas of the body. - It begins within 30 minutes to 2 hours after death and becomes fixed after 8-12 hours. *Cadaveric spasm* - **Cadaveric spasm** is a rare and immediate stiffening of muscles that occurs at the moment of death, without passing through the stage of primary flaccidity. - It is often associated with intense emotional stress or extreme physical exertion just before death, causing objects to be clutched firmly. - This is distinct from rigor mortis as it occurs instantaneously rather than developing gradually. *Rigor mortis* - **Rigor mortis** is the **stiffening of muscles** after death, caused by the depletion of ATP, which prevents the detachment of myosin heads from actin filaments in muscle fibers. - It typically begins 2-4 hours post-mortem, reaches maximum stiffness at 12-24 hours, and then gradually resolves after 24-48 hours as autolysis progresses.

Q: Cause of death in cafe coronary:

Asphyxia. ***Asphyxia*** - Cafe coronary refers to sudden death due to **choking on food or foreign objects**, typically occurring in public places like restaurants. - The primary cause of death is **asphyxia**, resulting from the obstruction of the **larynx or trachea**, preventing air from reaching the lungs. *Pulmonary edema* - **Pulmonary edema** is an accumulation of fluid in the lungs, often due to heart failure or acute lung injury. - It is not the direct cause of death in a cafe coronary, as the primary issue is mechanical airway obstruction, not fluid overload in the lungs. *Laryngeal edema* - **Laryngeal edema** involves swelling of the larynx, which can cause airway obstruction. - While it can lead to respiratory distress, in a cafe coronary, the obstruction is typically mechanical from a foreign body, not primarily an inflammatory or allergic edema of the larynx itself. *Cardiac arrest* - While **cardiac arrest** is the ultimate event leading to death, it is a consequence of severe hypoxia caused by the airway obstruction in a cafe coronary. - The direct and initial cause of the life-threatening situation is the inability to breathe due to the blockage, leading to oxygen deprivation of the heart.

Q: Victim was strangled with elbow around neck. It is called as:

Mugging. ***Mugging*** - **Mugging** (also called "yoking" or "bar arm strangle") is the forensic medicine term for strangulation using the **arm or elbow encircling the neck**. - In this technique, the assailant typically approaches from behind and applies the forearm or crook of the elbow across the victim's throat, compressing the neck structures. - This method compresses the carotid arteries and jugular veins, leading to rapid unconsciousness and potential death from cerebral hypoxia. *Throttling* - **Throttling** specifically refers to manual strangulation using the **hands (fingers and thumbs)** to compress the neck. - The assailant applies direct pressure with their fingers on the front or sides of the victim's neck. - This differs from the scenario described, which involves the elbow/arm, not the hands. *Burking* - **Burking** is a historical method of murder involving suffocation by covering the mouth and nose while applying pressure to the chest. - Named after William Burke, this method was designed to leave minimal external marks on the body. - It does not involve neck compression or strangulation. *Garrotting* - **Garrotting** is strangulation using a **ligature** (rope, wire, cloth, or cord) tightened around the neck. - This involves an instrument rather than direct body contact. - It differs from mugging, which uses the arm/elbow without any intermediate object.

Q: Most common complication of intertrochanteric fracture femur is:

Malunion. ***Malunion*** - **Malunion** is the most common complication of intertrochanteric fractures, particularly with unstable fracture patterns or inadequate reduction and fixation. - This typically results in leg length discrepancy, gait disturbance, and persistent pain due to abnormal alignment. *Nerve injury* - **Nerve injury** is a rare complication of intertrochanteric fractures, as the major nerves (e.g., sciatic, femoral) are not in close proximity to the fracture site. - While possible with severe trauma or surgical errors, it is not considered the most common complication. *Osteoarthritis* - **Osteoarthritis** can develop years after an intertrochanteric fracture due to altered biomechanics, but it is a long-term sequela, not an immediate or most common post-fracture complication. - Early complications like malunion or infection are more prevalent. *Non-union* - **Non-union** is relatively uncommon in intertrochanteric fractures because this area of the femur has an excellent blood supply, which promotes healing. - This complication is more frequently seen in femoral neck fractures due to their tenuous blood supply.

Q: Type of schizophrenia with intellectual disability:

Pfropf schizophrenia. ***Pfropf schizophrenia*** - **Pfropf schizophrenia** is a historical term specifically used to describe a form of schizophrenia that develops in individuals with **pre-existing intellectual disability** (formerly termed mental retardation). - The term "Pfropf" is derived from German, meaning "grafted" or "engrafted," referring to schizophrenia being "grafted onto" pre-existing intellectual disability. - This term distinguishes it from other types of schizophrenia where intellectual disability is not a primary defining characteristic. - While this classification is largely historical (modern DSM-5 has removed schizophrenia subtypes), it remains relevant for older examination questions. *Catatonic schizophrenia* - Characterized primarily by prominent **psychomotor disturbances**, which can include stupor, catalepsy, waxy flexibility, mutism, and negativism. - While intellectual disability might coexist, it is not a defining feature of the catatonic subtype itself. *Paranoid schizophrenia* - Marked by the prominence of **delusions**, typically persecutory or grandiose, and **auditory hallucinations**. - Intellectual disability is not a core diagnostic criterion or a defining characteristic of this subtype. *Hebephrenic schizophrenia* - Also known as **disorganized schizophrenia**, this type is characterized by marked **disorganization of thought processes**, flat or inappropriate affect, and bizarre behavior. - While it often presents early and can lead to significant functional impairment, intellectual disability is not a defining feature; rather, the primary disturbance is in thought and emotion.

Q: All are first rank symptoms of schizophrenia, except:

Perplexity. ***Perplexity*** - **Perplexity** is a state of severe confusion, bewilderment, or puzzlement, which can be seen in various psychiatric conditions but is not specifically classified as a **first-rank symptom of schizophrenia** by Kurt Schneider. - While it may be present in schizophrenia, it is a non-specific symptom, meaning it can occur in conditions other than schizophrenia. *Audible thoughts* - **Audible thoughts** (Gedankenlautwerden in German) refers to the patient hearing their own thoughts spoken aloud, often as if by another voice. - This is considered a **first-rank symptom** as described by Kurt Schneider, highly indicative of schizophrenia. *Thought broadcasting* - **Thought broadcasting** is the delusional belief that one's thoughts are escaping from their mind and are somehow accessible to others. - This symptom is also a **first-rank symptom** of schizophrenia according to Schneider's criteria. *Voice arguing or discussing or both* - **Voices arguing or discussing** are a specific type of auditory hallucination where two or more voices are perceived to be talking to each other, often about the patient. - This phenomenon is considered a classic **first-rank symptom** of schizophrenia.

Question 1

Mechanism of cyanide poisoning is by inhibiting:

Accepted Answer

Cytochrome oxidase

Answer

Mitochondrial DNA synthesis

Answer

ATP production

Answer

Electron transport chain

Question 2

In criminal cases, conduct money is paid by:

Accepted Answer

No conduct money is given

Answer

Court

Answer

Judge

Answer

Opposing party

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of close-range shotgun wounds?

Accepted Answer

Beveling of bone at exit wound

Answer

Contact wound with stellate laceration

Answer

Abrasion collar around entry wound

Answer

Powder tattooing around entry wound

Question 4

Which parameter in vitreous humor is most commonly used to estimate the time since death?

Accepted Answer

K+ level

Answer

Urea level

Answer

Na+ level

Answer

Glucose level

Question 5

Algor mortis is defined as:

Accepted Answer

Cooling of body

Answer

Hypostasis

Answer

Cadaveric spasm

Answer

Rigor mortis

Question 6

Cause of death in cafe coronary:

Accepted Answer

Asphyxia

Answer

Pulmonary edema

Answer

Laryngeal edema

Answer

Cardiac arrest

Question 7

Victim was strangled with elbow around neck. It is called as:

Accepted Answer

Mugging

Answer

Throttling

Answer

Burking

Answer

Garrotting

Question 8

Most common complication of intertrochanteric fracture femur is:

Accepted Answer

Malunion

Answer

Nerve injury

Answer

Osteoarthritis

Answer

Non-union

Question 9

Type of schizophrenia with intellectual disability:

Accepted Answer

Pfropf schizophrenia

Answer

Catatonic schizophrenia

Answer

Paranoid schizophrenia

Answer

Hebephrenic schizophrenia

Question 10

All are first rank symptoms of schizophrenia, except:

Accepted Answer

Perplexity

Answer

Audible thoughts

Answer

Thought broadcasting

Answer

Voice arguing or discussing or both

NEET-PG 2013

Biochemistry

Forensic Medicine

Orthopaedics

Psychiatry