Biochemistry
1 questionsWhich vitamin deficiency is most commonly associated with chronic alcohol consumption and may require supplementation in alcohol use disorders?
NEET-PG 2012 - Biochemistry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 891: Which vitamin deficiency is most commonly associated with chronic alcohol consumption and may require supplementation in alcohol use disorders?
- A. Pyridoxine
- B. Thiamine (Correct Answer)
- C. Riboflavin
- D. Niacin
Explanation: ***Thiamine*** - **Thiamine** (Vitamin B1) deficiency is extremely common in chronic alcoholics due to **poor dietary intake**, impaired absorption, and increased excretion. - Deficiency can lead to serious neurological complications like **Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome**, characterized by confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. *Pyridoxine* - **Pyridoxine** (Vitamin B6) deficiency can occur in alcoholics, but it is less common and less clinically significant than thiamine deficiency. - While it can manifest as peripheral neuropathy or **sideroblastic anemia**, it is not the most common or critical deficiency in this population. *Riboflavin* - **Riboflavin** (Vitamin B2) deficiency can also be seen in chronic alcoholics due to poor nutrition. - Symptoms like **cheilosis** and **angular stomatitis** are mild compared to the severe neurological consequences of thiamine deficiency. *Niacin* - **Niacin** (Vitamin B3) deficiency, known as **pellagra**, is rare in developed countries but can occur in severe malnutrition, including in some alcoholics. - Pellagra presents with the "3 Ds": **dermatitis**, **diarrhea**, and **dementia**, but it is generally less prevalent than thiamine deficiency in alcohol use disorders.
Obstetrics and Gynecology
1 questionsWhat is the definitive management for adenomyosis?
NEET-PG 2012 - Obstetrics and Gynecology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 891: What is the definitive management for adenomyosis?
- A. Endometrial ablation.
- B. Hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus). (Correct Answer)
- C. Hormonal therapy (e.g., Danazol) for temporary symptom relief.
- D. Hormonal therapy (e.g., GnRH analogue) for temporary symptom relief.
Explanation: ***Hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus)*** - This is considered the **definitive management** for adenomyosis because it completely removes the uterine tissue where the ectopic endometrial glands are found. - Hysterectomy effectively eliminates the source of symptoms such as **heavy menstrual bleeding** and **pelvic pain** by removing the uterus entirely. *Endometrial ablation* - Endometrial ablation involves destroying the **lining of the uterus** and is primarily used for heavy menstrual bleeding. - It is **ineffective for adenomyosis** since the endometrial tissue is embedded deep within the myometrium and is not fully reached by ablation. *Hormonal therapy (e.g., Danazol) for temporary symptom relief* - **Danazol** (an androgen derivative) can suppress ovarian function and reduce symptoms of adenomyosis by shrinking endometrial tissue. - However, its effects are **temporary**, and symptoms typically return upon cessation of treatment, making it not a definitive solution. *Hormonal therapy (e.g., GNRH analogue) for temporary symptom relief* - **GnRH analogues** induce a temporary menopausal state, which can significantly reduce symptoms by inhibiting estrogen production, leading to atrophy of the adenomyotic tissue. - This treatment is also **temporary**, and symptoms often recur once the medication is stopped; it's often used as a bridge to surgery or for women nearing menopause.
Orthopaedics
1 questionsCloacae are openings found in which of the following?
NEET-PG 2012 - Orthopaedics NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 891: Cloacae are openings found in which of the following?
- A. Sequestrum
- B. Involucrum (Correct Answer)
- C. Normal bone
- D. Myositis
Explanation: ***Involucrum*** - **Cloacae** are openings or sinuses that develop in the **involucrum**, which is the new bone formation that surrounds a segment of necrotic bone (sequestrum) during osteomyelitis. - These openings act as channels for the discharge of **pus** and inflammatory debris from the infected bone to the external environment. *Sequestrum* - A **sequestrum** is a piece of **necrotic (dead) bone** that has become separated from the surrounding healthy bone due to osteomyelitis. - While central to the pathology, the cloacae are openings *through the involucrum* that encases the sequestrum, not in the sequestrum itself. *Normal bone* - **Normal bone** does not contain cloacae; these structures are a pathological feature indicative of chronic osteomyelitis. - Healthy bone remodels and resorbs normally, without the formation of channels for pus drainage. *Myositis* - **Myositis** is an inflammation of the **muscles**, not bone, and does not involve the formation of cloacae. - While it can be caused by infection, the pathological changes are localized to muscle tissue.
Pathology
1 questionsWhat is the most common type of degeneration observed in uterine fibroids?
NEET-PG 2012 - Pathology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 891: What is the most common type of degeneration observed in uterine fibroids?
- A. Calcareous
- B. Hyaline (Correct Answer)
- C. Red
- D. Cystic
Explanation: ***Hyaline*** - **Hyaline degeneration** is the most frequent type of degeneration in uterine fibroids, occurring in about **60% of cases** [1]. - It involves the replacement of smooth muscle and connective tissue with **acellular, glassy, eosinophilic hyaline material** [1]. *Calcareous* - **Calcareous degeneration** (calcification) occurs when hyaline degeneration calcifies, typically seen in **postmenopausal women** or older fibroids. - While it can occur, it is a **secondary change** following hyaline degeneration rather than the primary and most common form. *Red* - **Red degeneration** (carneous degeneration) is acute, often occurring during **pregnancy** due to rapid growth and hemorrhagic infarction. - It presents with **acute pain** and is less common than hyaline degeneration. *Cystic* - **Cystic degeneration** is characterized by liquefaction within the fibroid, leading to the formation of **cysts**. - This typically results from advanced **hyaline degeneration** and is less common than hyaline degeneration itself. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. The Female Genital Tract, pp. 1024-1025.
Pharmacology
2 questionsMost commonly abused opioid -
Which drug is commonly used for outpatient department (OPD) analgesia?
NEET-PG 2012 - Pharmacology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 891: Most commonly abused opioid -
- A. Morphine
- B. Diacetylmorphine (Correct Answer)
- C. Oxycodone
- D. Buprenorphine
Explanation: ***Diacetylmorphine*** - **Diacetylmorphine**, commonly known as **heroin**, is synthetically derived from **morphine** but is significantly more potent and lipid-soluble, allowing it to cross the **blood-brain barrier** rapidly [1, 3]. - Its rapid onset of action and intense euphoric effects contribute to its high potential for **abuse** and addiction, making it one of the most commonly abused opioids globally, particularly through intravenous injection [1]. *Morphine* - While **morphine** is a potent opioid and has a high potential for abuse, it is often prescribed in clinical settings for severe pain. - Its slower onset and less intense "rush" compared to **heroin** make it less frequently the **primary opioid of abuse** in illicit street drug markets [1]. *Oxycodone* - **Oxycodone** is a highly abused prescription opioid, especially in the form of controlled-release formulations like **OxyContin**, but its abuse is primarily linked to prescription drug diversion rather than being the most common illicitly manufactured opioid of abuse. - While it contributes significantly to the opioid crisis, **heroin** (diacetylmorphine) remains the most commonly abused opioid in the illicit market due to its widespread availability and potency [1]. *Buprenorphine* - **Buprenorphine** is a **partial opioid agonist** used in the treatment of opioid dependence (opioid replacement therapy) due to its ceiling effect on respiratory depression and ability to block the effects of other opioids. - Although it can be abused, particularly in combination with naloxone (Suboxone) via intravenous injection, its primary role is in **medication-assisted treatment**, making it less commonly abused as a standalone illicit opioid compared to **heroin**.
Question 892: Which drug is commonly used for outpatient department (OPD) analgesia?
- A. Diclofenac
- B. Ibuprofen
- C. Paracetamol (Correct Answer)
- D. Tramadol
Explanation: ***Paracetamol*** - It is a widely used and generally **safe analgesic** and antipyretic often prescribed for mild to moderate pain in an outpatient setting. - Its favorable side effect profile and availability as an **over-the-counter (OTC)** medication make it a first-choice drug for many common pain conditions. *Diclofenac* - While it is an effective NSAID used for pain and inflammation, its use can be associated with **gastrointestinal side effects** like ulcers and bleeding, as well as cardiovascular risks. - It is often reserved for more significant inflammatory pain or when other analgesics are insufficient, and may require more careful monitoring in an outpatient setting. *Ibuprofen* - Similar to diclofenac, Ibuprofen is an **NSAID** which is effective for pain and inflammation. However, it also carries risks of **gastrointestinal irritation** and renal side effects, especially with prolonged use or in certain patient populations. - While available OTC, its use for routine outpatient analgesia may be less preferred than paracetamol in some cases due to its GI and renal side effect profile. *Tramadol* - Tramadol is a **central acting opioid analgesic** with a higher potential for side effects such as nausea, dizziness, constipation, and the risk of dependence or abuse. - It is typically reserved for moderate to severe pain that is not adequately managed by non-opioid analgesics, and its prescription often involves more stringent monitoring than paracetamol.
Psychiatry
2 questionsWhich of the following is a first-line treatment for bipolar affective (manic-depressive) disorder:
What term describes repetitive, intrusive thoughts that cause significant distress or anxiety?
NEET-PG 2012 - Psychiatry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 891: Which of the following is a first-line treatment for bipolar affective (manic-depressive) disorder:
- A. Chlorpromazine
- B. Haloperidol
- C. Diazepam
- D. Lithium carbonate (Correct Answer)
Explanation: **Lithium carbonate** - **Lithium** is a well-established and highly effective **mood stabilizer**, considered a first-line treatment for managing both **manic** and **depressive episodes** in bipolar disorder. - It helps prevent recurrent episodes and reduces the severity of mood swings, acting as a prophylactic agent. *Chlorpromazine* - **Chlorpromazine** is a **first-generation antipsychotic** that is primarily used to treat **schizophrenia** and other psychotic disorders. - While it can be used acutely to manage severe manic agitation, it is not a first-line agent for the long-term mood stabilization characteristic of bipolar disorder. *Haloperidol* - **Haloperidol** is another **first-generation antipsychotic** often used for acute treatment of **psychotic symptoms** or severe agitation, including in mania. - It is not a primary long-term mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder due to its side effect profile and lack of efficacy in preventing future mood episodes compared to lithium. *Diazepam* - **Diazepam** is a **benzodiazepine** primarily used for treating **anxiety**, muscle spasms, and acute seizures. - While it can help manage acute agitation and insomnia during a manic episode, it does not have mood-stabilizing properties and is not a long-term treatment for bipolar disorder.
Question 892: What term describes repetitive, intrusive thoughts that cause significant distress or anxiety?
- A. Phobia
- B. Obsession (Correct Answer)
- C. Compulsion
- D. Anxiety
Explanation: ***Obsession*** - An **obsession** is defined by the presence of **recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images** that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted, causing significant anxiety or distress. - These thoughts are often recognized as products of one's own mind, and individuals typically attempt to ignore, suppress, or neutralize them. *Phobia* - A **phobia** is an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation that poses little or no actual danger. - Unlike obsessions, phobias are typically related to external stimuli and do not primarily involve intrusive thoughts. *Compulsion* - A **compulsion** is a repetitive behavior (e.g., hand washing, checking) or mental act (e.g., praying, counting) that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession. - Compulsions are often aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation. *Anxiety* - **Anxiety** is a general term for a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an event or something with an uncertain outcome. - While obsessions cause anxiety, "anxiety" itself is a broad emotional state, not specifically the intrusive thoughts described.
Radiology
2 questionsRim sign in IVP is seen in
Which of the following techniques uses piezoelectric crystals?
NEET-PG 2012 - Radiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 891: Rim sign in IVP is seen in
- A. Hydronephrosis (Correct Answer)
- B. Chronic Pyelonephritis
- C. Renal Cell Carcinoma
- D. Polycystic Kidney Disease
Explanation: ***Hydronephrosis*** - The **rim sign** in IVP (Intravenous Pyelography) refers to the opacification of the renal parenchyma surrounding a dilated pelvicalyceal system, forming a "rim" of contrast. - This sign is characteristic of acute obstruction leading to **hydronephrosis**, where the contrast accumulates in the compressed renal tissue and then slowly excretes into the dilated collecting system, outlining it. *Chronic Pyelonephritis* - Characterized by **focal cortical thinning**, scarring, and clubbing of the calyces, not a rim sign. - The kidney may appear small and irregularly outlined on IVP due to **parenchymal loss**. *Renal Cell Carcinoma* - Often presents as a **mass lesion** that distorts the collecting system, but typically does not cause a rim sign. - May show vascularity on imaging and can cause direct invasion or displacement of renal structures. *Polycystic Kidney Disease* - Involves multiple **cysts** of varying sizes throughout both kidneys, leading to significant renal enlargement and distortion of the collecting system. - The appearance is typically described as a "Swiss cheese" or "moth-eaten" pattern due to the numerous cysts, not a rim sign.
Question 892: Which of the following techniques uses piezoelectric crystals?
- A. Ultrasonography (Correct Answer)
- B. NMR imaging
- C. X-ray diffraction
- D. Xeroradiography
Explanation: ***Ultrasonography*** - **Piezoelectric crystals** are the core component of **ultrasound transducers**, which generate and detect ultrasonic waves. - These crystals convert electrical energy into mechanical vibrations (sound waves) and vice-versa, allowing for the creation of images. *NMR imaging* - **NMR imaging** (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, now commonly known as **MRI**) uses strong magnetic fields and **radiofrequency pulses** to generate images. - It relies on the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, particularly hydrogen, rather than piezoelectric effects. *X-ray diffraction* - **X-ray diffraction** is a technique used to study the atomic and molecular structure of materials, and it involves the interaction of **X-rays** with the electron clouds of atoms. - It does not involve piezoelectric crystals; instead, it uses an X-ray source and a detector to measure diffracted X-rays. *Xeroradiography* - **Xeroradiography** is an older imaging technique that used **xerographic plates** coated with a photoconductive material (like selenium) to capture X-ray images. - It relies on electrostatic charges and dry development rather than piezoelectric crystals to produce images.