Anatomy
1 questionsIdentify the type of connective tissue present in the image.
NEET-PG 2012 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1121: Identify the type of connective tissue present in the image.
- A. Loose and irregular
- B. Specialized
- C. Dense irregular (Correct Answer)
- D. Dense regular
Explanation: ***Dense irregular*** - The image shows **densely packed collagen fibers** arranged in an **irregular, haphazard fashion**, characteristic of dense irregular connective tissue. - This type of tissue provides **strength** and resistance to stress from multiple directions, found in the **dermis of the skin** and organ capsules. *Loose and irregular* - **Loose connective tissue** would show more ground substance and fewer, loosely arranged fibers, whereas this image displays high fiber density. - While it is "irregular" in fiber arrangement, the density of fibers rules out the "loose" classification. *Specialized* - **Specialized connective tissues** include cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose tissue, which have distinct cellular and extracellular matrix components not seen here. - This tissue lacks the specific cellular and matrix characteristics that would classify it as specialized (e.g., chondrocytes in lacunae, osteocytes, blood cells). *Dense regular* - **Dense regular connective tissue** features collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles, providing strength in one direction. - Examples include **tendons and ligaments**, which are structurally organized in an orderly, aligned manner, unlike the displayed irregular arrangement.
Internal Medicine
1 questionsWhat is the most reliable diagnostic tool to differentiate between psychological and organic erectile dysfunction?
NEET-PG 2012 - Internal Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1121: What is the most reliable diagnostic tool to differentiate between psychological and organic erectile dysfunction?
- A. Nocturnal penile tumescence (Correct Answer)
- B. PIPE therapy
- C. Sildenafil induced erection
- D. Squeeze technique
Explanation: ***Nocturnal penile tumescence*** - This diagnostic tool assesses whether a man experiences erections during sleep, which are naturally occurring physiological events. The presence of normal nocturnal erections indicates intact **neurovascular pathways** necessary for erection, suggesting that any daytime erectile dysfunction is likely due to **psychological factors** [2]. - Conversely, the absence of nocturnal erections points towards an **organic cause** for erectile dysfunction, as the physiological mechanism itself is impaired [1]. *Squeeze technique* - The squeeze technique is a behavioral therapy used to treat **premature ejaculation**, not erectile dysfunction. It involves stopping stimulation at the point of impending ejaculation and applying pressure to the glans to reduce arousal. - This technique does not provide any diagnostic information regarding the underlying cause (psychological vs. organic) of erectile dysfunction. *Sildenafil induced erection* - While sildenafil (Viagra) can induce an erection in many men with erectile dysfunction, its response does not reliably differentiate between psychological and organic causes. Sildenafil works by enhancing the effects of **nitric oxide**, leading to increased blood flow to the penis. - Both men with psychological erectile dysfunction and some with organic causes (e.g., mild vascular compromise) may respond to sildenafil, so a positive response does not rule out an **organic etiology**. *PIPE therapy* - "PIPE therapy" is not a recognized medical or diagnostic term for erectile dysfunction. It may be a typo or a misnomer. - Therefore, it does not serve as a diagnostic tool for differentiating between psychological and organic causes of erectile dysfunction.
Orthopaedics
1 questionsWhat condition is primarily diagnosed using Von Rosen's view?
NEET-PG 2012 - Orthopaedics NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1121: What condition is primarily diagnosed using Von Rosen's view?
- A. Congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) (Correct Answer)
- B. Perthes disease
- C. Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV)
- D. None of the options
Explanation: ***Congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH)*** - **Von Rosen's view** is a specialized X-ray projection used specifically to assess for **developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)**, also known as CDH, in infants. - This view helps visualize the relationship between the **femoral head** and the **acetabulum** by positioning the infant's hips in extension, abduction, and internal rotation. *Perthes disease* - **Perthes disease** is an avascular necrosis of the femoral head, typically diagnosed with standard **frog-leg lateral** and **AP pelvic X-rays**. - While it affects the hip, Von Rosen's view is not the primary diagnostic imaging for this condition, which usually presents later in childhood. *Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV)* - **CTEV**, or **clubfoot**, is a deformity of the foot and ankle, not the hip. - It is primarily diagnosed clinically and then confirmed with **AP and lateral X-rays of the foot** to assess bone alignment. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **Congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH)** is indeed primarily diagnosed using Von Rosen's view, among other methods.
Psychiatry
3 questionsWhich of the following is not associated with subcortical dementia?
What is the term for a persistent preoccupation with serious illness despite having no or only mild symptoms?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of somatization disorder?
NEET-PG 2012 - Psychiatry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1121: Which of the following is not associated with subcortical dementia?
- A. Wilson's disease
- B. Alzheimer's disease (Correct Answer)
- C. Huntington's chorea
- D. Parkinsonism
Explanation: ***Alzheimer's disease*** - Alzheimer's disease is primarily a **cortical dementia**, characterized by global cognitive decline, specifically affecting memory, language, and executive functions. - It involves the accumulation of **amyloid plaques** and **neurofibrillary tangles** predominantly in the cerebral cortex. *Parkinsonism* - Parkinsonism, particularly Parkinson's disease dementia, is a common cause of **subcortical dementia**. - It presents with prominent **motor symptoms** (bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor) along with cognitive impairment affecting executive function and attention. *Wilson's disease* - Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder leading to **copper accumulation**, which can cause significant damage to the basal ganglia and other subcortical structures. - This often results in a **subcortical dementia** characterized by motor symptoms, psychiatric disturbances, and cognitive decline. *Huntington's chorea* - Huntington's chorea is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder primarily affecting the **basal ganglia**, a key subcortical structure. - It is a classic example of **subcortical dementia**, presenting with characteristic choreiform movements, psychiatric disturbances, and cognitive impairment.
Question 1122: What is the term for a persistent preoccupation with serious illness despite having no or only mild symptoms?
- A. Somatic symptom disorder
- B. Conversion disorder
- C. Body dysmorphic disorder
- D. Illness anxiety disorder (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Illness anxiety disorder*** - This condition is characterized by a **preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness** despite having few or no somatic symptoms. - Individuals with illness anxiety disorder engage in **excessive health-related behaviors** (e.g., repeated checking) or maladaptive avoidance (e.g., avoiding doctor appointments). *Somatic symptom disorder* - Involves **distressing somatic symptoms** that result in significant disruption of daily life, with excessive thoughts or behaviors related to the symptoms. - The focus is on the **symptoms themselves**, rather than the fear of a specific undiagnosed illness. *Conversion disorder* - Features neurological symptoms (e.g., weakness, paralysis, seizures) that are **incompatible with recognized neurological or medical conditions**. - There is a **lack of voluntary control** over the symptoms, and they are not intentionally feigned. *Body dysmorphic disorder* - Characterized by a **preoccupation with perceived flaws** or defects in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others. - This preoccupation leads to **repetitive behaviors** (e.g., mirror checking) or mental acts (e.g., comparing oneself to others).
Question 1123: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of somatization disorder?
- A. Absence of pseudo neurological symptoms
- B. Absence of pain symptoms
- C. Rejection of the sick role (Correct Answer)
- D. Lack of sexual symptoms
Explanation: ***Rejection of the sick role*** - Patients with somatization disorder (now classified under **somatic symptom disorder** in DSM-5) characteristically **embrace the sick role**, not reject it - They actively seek medical attention, present with multiple chronic physical symptoms, express significant distress, and often become preoccupied with their perceived illnesses - This adoption of the sick role is a key behavioral pattern distinguishing somatization disorder from malingering or factitious disorder *Absence of pseudo-neurological symptoms* - This is incorrect because **pseudo-neurological (conversion) symptoms** are characteristic features of somatization disorder - Examples include paralysis, blindness, seizures, sensory loss, aphonia, and loss of coordination - These symptoms resemble neurological conditions but lack organic pathology *Absence of pain symptoms* - This is incorrect because **pain symptoms** are among the most common presentations in somatization disorder - Patients typically report pain in multiple sites: headaches, back pain, joint pain, chest pain, abdominal pain - Pain complaints are often one of the primary reasons these patients seek medical care *Lack of sexual symptoms* - This is incorrect because **sexual and reproductive symptoms** are frequently reported in somatization disorder - Examples include sexual indifference, erectile dysfunction, dyspareunia, irregular menses, excessive menstrual bleeding, and vomiting throughout pregnancy - These contribute to the widespread and varied somatic complaints characteristic of the disorder
Radiology
4 questionsHU is a measure of
Which of the following appears the same on both T1 and T2 weighted MRI sequences?
Which of the following features is used to identify the colon on an X-ray?
Investigation of choice for studying Renal Cortical mass
NEET-PG 2012 - Radiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1121: HU is a measure of
- A. CT (Correct Answer)
- B. MRI
- C. PET
- D. USG
Explanation: ***Correct Answer: CT*** - HU stands for **Hounsfield Units**, a standardized quantitative scale used exclusively in **computed tomography (CT)** to describe the **radiodensity** of tissues based on **X-ray attenuation**. - On this scale, **water is assigned 0 HU**, air is -1000 HU, and dense bone can be +1000 HU or more. - This allows objective measurement and comparison of tissue densities across different CT scanners and examinations. *Incorrect: MRI* - **Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)** does not use Hounsfield Units. - MRI signal intensity is based on the **magnetic properties of tissues** and local hydrogen proton density, not X-ray attenuation. *Incorrect: PET* - **Positron Emission Tomography (PET)** measures the metabolic activity of cells using **radioactive tracers**. - Its output is typically quantified in **Standardized Uptake Value (SUV)**, not Hounsfield Units. *Incorrect: USG* - **Ultrasound (USG)** imaging uses sound waves to create images of internal body structures. - It measures the **acoustic impedance** of tissues and displays findings in terms of echogenicity, not Hounsfield Units.
Question 1122: Which of the following appears the same on both T1 and T2 weighted MRI sequences?
- A. Gall bladder
- B. Fat (Correct Answer)
- C. Kidney
- D. CSF
Explanation: ***Fat*** - On both T1 and T2 weighted MRI sequences, fat appears **bright** (high signal intensity). - This consistent bright signal makes fat a useful internal reference point for signal interpretation. *Gall bladder* - The gall bladder is filled with **bile**, which appears bright on T2-weighted images due to its high water content, but can be variable on T1. - Bile does not maintain consistently the **same signal intensity** as fat on both sequences. *Kidney* - The renal parenchyma typically has **intermediate signal intensity** on both T1 and T2, but its signal characteristics are different from the consistently bright signal of fat. - The signal can vary depending on the specific sequence parameters and hydration status, unlike fat. *CSF* - **Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)** appears dark (low signal) on T1-weighted images and bright (high signal) on T2-weighted images due to its high water content. - This distinct signal intensity difference between T1 and T2 is contrary to the shared bright appearance of fat on both sequences.
Question 1123: Which of the following features is used to identify the colon on an X-ray?
- A. Haustra (Correct Answer)
- B. Valvulae conniventes
- C. String of beads sign
- D. More number of loops
Explanation: ***Haustra (Correct Answer)*** - **Haustra** are sacculations or pouches of the colon created by the uneven contraction of the **taeniae coli** - They are THE characteristic feature that helps distinguish the large bowel from the small bowel on an X-ray - These indentations typically do **not cross the entire width** of the bowel lumen, unlike the valvulae conniventes of the small intestine - Haustra appear as incomplete septations on plain radiographs *Valvulae conniventes (Incorrect)* - **Valvulae conniventes** (also known as plicae circulares) are large, circular folds of the **small intestine** mucosa that project into the lumen - They extend **completely across the lumen** of the small bowel, making them easily distinguishable from haustra which only partially traverse the colon - This is a feature of small bowel, not colon *String of beads sign (Incorrect)* - The "**string of beads sign**" is a **pathological radiographic finding** associated with small bowel obstruction - It refers to multiple small, gas-filled loops of small bowel stacked on top of each other, often with small pockets of fluid or air trapped between the folds, resembling beads on a string - This is not a normal anatomical feature used to identify the colon *More number of loops (Incorrect)* - The number of loops is **not a primary distinguishing feature** between the large and small bowel on an X-ray - While the small intestine generally has more convolutions or loops than the colon, this is a **less reliable and specific sign** compared to the presence of haustra - Haustra remain the gold standard feature for colon identification
Question 1124: Investigation of choice for studying Renal Cortical mass
- A. 99mTc DTPA
- B. 53Cr Study
- C. 99mTc DMSA (Correct Answer)
- D. 99mTc Pyrophosphate
Explanation: ***99mTc DMSA*** - **99mTc DMSA** (Technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid) is the radiopharmaceutical of choice for imaging the **renal cortex** and assessing **renal cortical mass** and scarring. - It binds preferentially to the cells of the **renal tubules**, allowing for excellent visualization of cortical tissue. *99mTc DTPA* - **99mTc DTPA** (Technetium-99m Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) is primarily used to assess **glomerular filtration rate (GFR)** and renal blood flow. - It is filtered by the **glomeruli** but not reabsorbed or secreted by the tubules, making it suitable for functional studies rather than morphological assessment of cortical mass. *53Cr Study* - **53Cr** (Chromium-51) is used in studies to measure **red blood cell mass**, survival, or gastrointestinal protein loss. - It has no role in the direct assessment of **renal cortical mass** or function. *99mTc Pyrophosphate* - **99mTc Pyrophosphate** is primarily used to evaluate **myocardial infarction** (hot spots) or detect bone lesions. - It is not indicated for, nor does it provide useful information about, **renal cortical mass**.