NEET-PG 2012 - Anatomy Practice Questions

Q: Pituicytes are seen in ?

Posterior lobe. ***Posterior lobe*** - **Pituicytes** are specialized glial cells found exclusively in the **posterior pituitary** (neurohypophysis). [1] - They provide structural support and regulation for the nerve terminals that release **antidiuretic hormone (ADH)** and **oxytocin**. [1] *Anterior lobe* - The anterior pituitary, or **adenohypophysis**, consists of glandular epithelial cells that synthesize and secrete various hormones. [2] - It does not contain pituicytes, which are glial cells. [2] *Intermediate lobe* - The intermediate lobe is a rudimentary part of the pituitary gland in humans, primarily producing **melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)**. [1] - While it is part of the pituitary, it does not contain pituicytes. *All of the options* - Pituicytes are specific to the posterior pituitary, so they are not found in all parts of the gland. - Different lobes of the pituitary gland have distinct cellular compositions and functions.

Q: The thoracic duct crosses from the right to the left at the level of

T4-T5 vertebra. ***T4-T5 vertebra*** - The **thoracic duct** crosses from the right to the left side of the vertebral column at the level of the **T4-T5 vertebrae**, specifically just above the root of the left lung. - This crossover is an important anatomical landmark as it signifies the duct's ascent towards the neck to drain into the left subclavian vein. *T12 vertebra* - The **thoracic duct** originates from the **cisterna chyli** at the level of the L1 or L2 vertebra and ascends into the thorax at or below the T12 vertebra, it does not cross over at this level. - This level primarily marks its entry into the thoracic cavity, not its main crossover point. *T6 vertebra* - While the **thoracic duct** is present in the thorax at this level, it does not undergo its characteristic crossover from right to left at the T6 vertebra. - The duct continues its ascent along the right side of the vertebral column before moving across. *T2 vertebra* - By the level of the T2 vertebra, the **thoracic duct** has already crossed to the left side of the vertebral column and is ascending towards its termination in the neck. - The crossover event occurs more inferiorly, at the T4-T5 level.

Q: Which structures are located anterior to the transverse sinus?

Aorta. ***Aorta*** - The **transverse sinus of the pericardium** is a passage within the pericardial cavity that separates the great arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunk) anteriorly from the atria and great veins posteriorly. - The **ascending aorta** and **pulmonary trunk** are both located anterior to the transverse sinus. - This anatomical relationship is clinically important during cardiac surgery, as the transverse sinus can be used to pass ligatures around the great vessels. *Right atrium* - The **right atrium** is located posterior to the transverse sinus. - It forms part of the posterior wall of the pericardial cavity and receives the superior and inferior venae cavae. - The transverse sinus separates the atria from the anteriorly positioned great arteries. *Left atrium* - The **left atrium** is also positioned posterior to the transverse sinus. - It forms the base of the heart and receives the pulmonary veins. - Like the right atrium, it lies behind the plane of the transverse sinus. *Right pulmonary artery* - The **right pulmonary artery** is a branch of the pulmonary trunk that passes to the right lung. - While the **pulmonary trunk** itself is anterior to the transverse sinus, the **right pulmonary artery** branch courses laterally and posteriorly, passing behind the ascending aorta and superior vena cava. - Therefore, the right pulmonary artery is NOT considered anterior to the transverse sinus in the same way the main great vessels (aorta and pulmonary trunk) are.

Q: Anal valve is found in which part of anal canal?

Middle. ***Middle*** - The **anal valves** are crescentic folds located at the level of the **pectinate (dentate) line** in the middle portion of the anal canal. - They mark the inferior limit of the **anal columns** and form small recesses called **anal sinuses**. *Lower* - The lower part of the anal canal, below the pectinate line, is lined by **anoderm** and lacks anal valves. - This region is sensitive to pain due to somatic innervation. *At anus* - The anus refers to the external opening and perianal skin, which does not contain anal valves. - The anal canal transitions into the perianal skin at the anocutaneous line. *Upper* - The upper part of the anal canal, above the pectinate line, contains the **anal columns (columns of Morgagni)** but not the anal valves themselves, which are located at the base of these columns. - This region is lined by columnar epithelium and is relatively insensitive to pain.

Q: In patients with penile or urethral injury, Colle's fascia prevents extravasation of urine from spreading into which anatomical space?

Ischiorectal fossa. ***Ischiorectal fossa*** - Colle's fascia (superficial perineal fascia) is the membranous layer that defines the boundaries of the **superficial perineal space**. - When urethral injury occurs, urine extravasates into the superficial perineal space but is **prevented from spreading laterally and posteriorly** into the ischiorectal fossa because Colle's fascia fuses with the **ischiopubic rami** laterally and the **perineal membrane** posteriorly [1]. - The ischiorectal fossa is a space lateral to the **anal canal** that is separated from the superficial perineal space by these fascial attachments. *Superficial perineal space* - This is actually the space **into which** urine extravasates when penile or urethral injury occurs, not the space that is protected from extravasation [1]. - Colle's fascia forms the inferior boundary of this space, so urine collects here rather than being prevented from entering. *Abdomen* - Colle's fascia in the perineum is continuous with **Scarpa's fascia** of the anterior abdominal wall. - Due to this continuity, urine can actually **track superiorly** into the anterior abdominal wall along this fascial plane. - Therefore, Colle's fascia does NOT prevent spread to the abdomen. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because Colle's fascia specifically prevents lateral and posterior spread into the ischiorectal fossa through its anatomical attachments.

Q: Which lymph nodes are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the lateral wall of the nose?

All of the options. ***All of the options*** - The lymphatic drainage from the **lateral wall of the nose** follows a sequential pathway involving **submandibular nodes**, **retropharyngeal nodes**, and ultimately the **deep cervical nodes**. - This question tests understanding of the complete lymphatic drainage pathway, not just the primary drainage site. - All three node groups are anatomically involved in draining lymph from the lateral nasal wall. **Drainage Pathway:** - **Submandibular nodes** (Primary): The anterior and middle portions of the lateral nasal wall drain primarily to the submandibular lymph nodes. - **Retropharyngeal nodes** (Secondary): The posterior portions of the lateral wall and areas near the nasal pharynx drain to retropharyngeal nodes. - **Deep cervical nodes** (Final pathway): Lymph from both submandibular and retropharyngeal nodes eventually drains into the deep cervical chain, particularly the jugulodigastric and juguloomohyoid nodes. *Why not just one node group?* - The lateral wall of the nose has an extensive lymphatic network with multiple drainage routes. - Different regions of the lateral wall have preferential drainage to different node groups. - Understanding the complete drainage pathway is clinically important for assessing spread of infections and malignancies from the nasal cavity.

Q: Bronchogenic sequestration is seen in which lobe?

Left lower lobe. ***Left lower lobe*** - **Bronchopulmonary sequestration**, particularly the **intralobar type**, most commonly affects the **posterior basal segment of the left lower lobe**. [1] - This congenital malformation involves a segment of lung tissue that lacks normal communication with the tracheobronchial tree and receives its blood supply from a systemic artery. [1] *Right upper lobe* - While sequestration can occur anywhere, the **right upper lobe** is a much less common location for bronchopulmonary sequestration compared to the lower lobes. - Sequestration in the upper lobes is rare and usually associated with specific anatomical variations. *Right middle lobe* - The **right middle lobe** is also an infrequent site for bronchopulmonary sequestration. - The typical presentation involves the basal segments of the lower lobes due to embryonic developmental patterns. *Left upper lobe* - **Left upper lobe** involvement in bronchopulmonary sequestration is uncommon. - The majority of cases are found in the lower lobes, especially the left lower lobe.

Q: In which stage of cell division is chromosomal study best carried out?

Metaphase. ***Metaphase*** - During **metaphase**, chromosomes are maximally condensed and align at the cell's equatorial plate, making them easily visible and distinguishable under a microscope. - This arrangement allows for clear visualization of **chromosome number**, **size**, and **morphology**, which is crucial for genetic analysis. *Prophase* - In **prophase**, chromosomes begin to condense, but they are still diffuse and not fully compact, making detailed study difficult. - The nuclear envelope is also still present for most of prophase, obstructing a clear view of the chromosomes. *Telophase* - During **telophase**, chromosomes decondense and arrive at opposite poles, becoming less distinct and harder to analyze individually. - New nuclear envelopes form around the separated chromosomes, further obscuring their view for detailed study. *Anaphase* - In **anaphase**, sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles, but they are in motion and not aligned, making them difficult to capture and analyze individually. - The separated chromatids are also stretched and elongated, which makes their morphological assessment challenging.

Q: Podocytes are seen in -

Bowman's capsule. **Bowman's capsule** - **Podocytes** are specialized epithelial cells that form the **visceral layer** of Bowman's capsule. They have foot processes (pedicels) that interdigitate to form slit diaphragms, which are crucial for the **filtration barrier** of the glomerulus [1]. - These cells facilitate the selective passage of water and small solutes from the blood into Bowman's space, while preventing the filtration of large proteins and blood cells. *Proximal convoluted tubule* - The **proximal convoluted tubule** is primarily involved in the **reabsorption** of essential nutrients, ions, and water from the filtrate back into the bloodstream [1]. - Its cells are characterized by a **brush border** (microvilli) and numerous mitochondria, indicating high metabolic activity, and are not podocytes [1]. *Distal convoluted tubule* - The **distal convoluted tubule** plays a role in fine-tuning the reabsorption of ions and water, under the influence of hormones like **aldosterone** and **ADH**. - Its cells lack the specialized foot processes and filtration function characteristic of podocytes. *Collecting tubule of the kidney* - The **collecting tubule** (or collecting duct) is involved in regulating water reabsorption and acid-base balance, responding to **ADH** to concentrate urine. - Its epithelial cells are principal cells and intercalated cells, which are different in structure and function from podocytes.

Q: Crural index is:

Length of tibia/femur x 100. ***Length of tibia/femur x 100*** - The **crural index** is a measure used in physical anthropology and comparative anatomy to describe the proportion of the lower leg to the thigh. - It is calculated by dividing the **length of the tibia** (lower leg bone) by the **length of the femur** (thigh bone) and multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage. *Length of radius/humerus x 100* - This formula describes the **brachial index**, which measures the proportion of the forearm to the upper arm. - It does not represent the crural index, which refers specifically to the **lower limb**. *Length of fibula/tibia x 100* - This ratio compares the two bones within the lower leg but is not the definition of the **crural index**. - The crural index focuses on the relative length of the lower leg to the entire thigh, reflecting overall **limb proportions**. *Length of radius/ulna x 100* - This ratio compares the lengths of the two bones in the forearm and does not correspond to the **crural index**. - The crural index involves the **tibia** and **femur**, which are bones of the lower limb.

Question 1

Pituicytes are seen in ?

Accepted Answer

Posterior lobe

Answer

Anterior lobe

Answer

Intermediate lobe

Answer

All of the options

Question 2

The thoracic duct crosses from the right to the left at the level of

Accepted Answer

T4-T5 vertebra

Answer

T12 vertebra

Answer

T2 vertebra

Answer

T6 vertebra

Question 3

Which structures are located anterior to the transverse sinus?

Accepted Answer

Aorta

Answer

Right atrium

Answer

Left atrium

Answer

Right pulmonary artery

Question 4

Anal valve is found in which part of anal canal?

Accepted Answer

Middle

Answer

Lower

Answer

At anus

Answer

Upper

Question 5

In patients with penile or urethral injury, Colle's fascia prevents extravasation of urine from spreading into which anatomical space?

Accepted Answer

Ischiorectal fossa

Answer

Superficial perineal space

Answer

None of the options

Answer

Abdomen

Question 6

Which lymph nodes are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the lateral wall of the nose?

Accepted Answer

All of the options

Answer

Deep cervical nodes

Answer

Retropharyngeal nodes

Answer

Submandibular nodes

Question 7

Bronchogenic sequestration is seen in which lobe?

Accepted Answer

Left lower lobe

Answer

Right upper lobe

Answer

Left upper lobe

Answer

Right middle lobe

Question 8

In which stage of cell division is chromosomal study best carried out?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Answer

Telophase

Answer

Anaphase

Answer

Prophase

Question 9

Podocytes are seen in -

Accepted Answer

Bowman's capsule

Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer

Collecting tubule of the kidney

Question 10

Crural index is:

Accepted Answer

Length of tibia/femur x 100

Answer

Length of radius/humerus x 100

Answer

Length of fibula/tibia x 100

Answer

Length of radius/ulna x 100

NEET-PG 2012 — Anatomy