General Pathology — MCQs

Q: What is the most common cause of death in amyloidosis?

Cardiac failure. The original text provided did not have any references with sufficient relevance (score ≥ 7) to support the claims regarding amyloidosis mortality. All provided references were evaluated and determined to be irrelevant or specific to unrelated conditions. ***Cardiac failure*** - **Cardiac amyloidosis** leads to restrictive cardiomyopathy, impairing the heart's ability to fill with blood and pump effectively. - The progressive accumulation of **amyloid fibrils** in the myocardium results in wall thickening, diastolic dysfunction, and ultimately pump failure, making it the most frequent cause of death. *Renal failure* - While **renal involvement** is common in amyloidosis, particularly AL amyloidosis, leading to proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome, it is not the leading cause of death. - The primary cause of mortality shifts more towards cardiac complications, especially with improved dialysis and kidney transplantation options. *Sepsis* - Patients with amyloidosis may be **immunocompromised** due to chronic illness or treatments, increasing their risk of infections and sepsis. - However, sepsis is typically a complication that can occur in various severe illnesses, rather than the primary and most common terminal event directly attributable to amyloid organ damage itself, as **cardiac amyloidosis** is. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **cardiac failure** is a well-established and the most common cause of mortality in patients with systemic amyloidosis.

Q: The action of putrefactive bacteria on necrotic tissue results in?

Gangrene. ***Gangrene*** - Gangrene is the result of **tissue death** accompanied by putrefactive bacterial action, leading to **decay** and necrosis of the tissue [1]. - It can be classified into **wet** and **dry** forms, often associated with **infection and loss of blood supply** [1]. *Embolism* - Embolism refers to the **blocking** of a blood vessel by a particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, not tissue decay. - It usually leads to **ischemia** rather than direct putrefactive changes in necrotic tissue. *Coagulation* - Coagulation is the process of **blood clotting** and is not related to the action of bacteria on necrotic tissue. - It primarily involves the transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel state, rather than tissue breakdown. *Infarction* - Infarction is the death of tissue due to **lack of blood supply**, not necessarily resulting from bacterial action. - While it can lead to necrosis, it is typically not associated with **putrefactive bacteria** directly. **References:** [1] Cross SS. Underwood's Pathology: A Clinical Approach. 6th ed. (Basic Pathology) introduces the student to key general principles of pathology, both as a medical science and as a clinical activity with a vital role in patient care. Part 2 (Disease Mechanisms) provides fundamental knowledge about the cellular and molecular processes involved in diseases, providing the rationale for their treatment. Part 3 (Systematic Pathology) deals in detail with specific diseases, with emphasis on the clinically important aspects., pp. 103-104.

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Cell Injury and Cell Death

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Adaptations of Cellular Growth

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Accumulations and Deposits

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Acute and Chronic Inflammation

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Tissue Repair and Wound Healing

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Hemodynamic Disorders

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Genetic Disorders

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Environmental Pathology

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Nutritional Diseases

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Molecular Basis of Disease

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