Reproductive Endocrinology Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following is NOT a typical ultrasound finding of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Ovarian volume of 10 cc or less. **Explanation:** The diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) on ultrasound is primarily based on the **Rotterdam Criteria**. According to these criteria, an ovary is considered polycystic if it exhibits an **increased ovarian volume of >10 mL** (calculated using the formula: $0.5 \times \text{length} \times \text{width} \times \text{thickness}$). Therefore, **Option B** is the correct answer because an ovarian volume of 10 cc or less is a normal finding and does not meet the diagnostic threshold for PCOS. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Option A:** This is a classic diagnostic criterion. The presence of **12 or more follicles** (measuring 2–9 mm) in either ovary is a hallmark of PCOS. Note: Newer guidelines (ASRM/ESHRE) using high-frequency transducers have increased this threshold to $\geq 20$ follicles, but 12 remains the standard for NEET-PG. * **Option C:** The **'String of Pearls'** or **'Necklace sign'** refers to the characteristic peripheral arrangement of follicles around a dense central stroma, a classic sonographic description of PCOS. * **Option D:** **Increased stromal echogenicity** and volume are subjective but highly specific findings in PCOS, resulting from the hypertrophy of theca cells. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Rotterdam Criteria (2 out of 3):** 1. Clinical/biochemical hyperandrogenism, 2. Ovulatory dysfunction (Oligo/Anovulation), 3. Polycystic ovaries on USG. * **Golden Rule:** If a dominant follicle (>10 mm) or a corpus luteum is present, the scan should be repeated during the next cycle to avoid false positives. * **LH:FSH Ratio:** Typically increased (>2:1 or 3:1) in PCOS patients.

Q: The Modified Ferriman Gallway score is used to grade which of the following conditions?

Hirsutism. **Explanation:** The **Modified Ferriman-Gallway (mFG) score** is the gold standard clinical tool used to objectively quantify the severity of **Hirsutism** (Option A). **Why it is correct:** Hirsutism is defined as the presence of terminal hair in females in a male-pattern distribution. The mFG score evaluates **9 androgen-sensitive body areas**: upper lip, chin, chest, upper back, lower back, upper abdomen, lower abdomen, upper arms, and thighs. Each area is graded from 0 (no hair) to 4 (frankly virile), with a maximum score of 36. In most populations, a score of **≥8** is considered diagnostic of hirsutism. **Why other options are incorrect:** * **Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB):** This is assessed using the **PALM-COEIN** classification for etiology and the **PBAC (Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart)** or Higham’s chart to quantify blood loss. * **Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD/PCOS):** While hirsutism is a common symptom of PCOS, the diagnosis of PCOS itself is based on the **Rotterdam Criteria** (Hyperandrogenism, Ovulatory dysfunction, and Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound). The mFG score only measures one clinical component (hirsutism). * **Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN):** This is staged using the **FIGO Staging** and the **WHO Modified Prognostic Scoring System** (which uses parameters like age, antecedent pregnancy, and hCG levels). **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Commonest cause of Hirsutism:** Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). * **Drug of choice for Hirsutism:** Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs) are first-line; Spironolactone is the most common anti-androgen added if OCPs are insufficient. * **Rapid onset hirsutism + Virilization:** Always suspect an androgen-secreting tumor (Adrenal or Ovarian). * **Areas NOT included in mFG score:** Forearms and lower legs (these are not strictly androgen-dependent).

Q: What is the treatment for a hirsute patient with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Ethinyl estradiol + Desogestrel. **Explanation:** The management of hirsutism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) focuses on reducing circulating free testosterone and inhibiting its peripheral action. Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCPs) are the first-line treatment for this purpose. **Why Option B is Correct:** Ethinyl estradiol (EE) combined with **Desogestrel** is preferred because Desogestrel is a **third-generation progestin**. Unlike older progestins, third-generation progestins have **low androgenic activity** and higher selectivity. Furthermore, the estrogen component (EE) increases the production of **Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG)** in the liver, which binds free testosterone, while the progestin component suppresses LH secretion, reducing ovarian androgen production. This dual action effectively treats hirsutism and acne. **Why Other Options are Incorrect:** * **Option A & C:** **Levonorgestrel** is a second-generation progestin. It is highly **androgenic** (derived from 19-nortestosterone) and can actually worsen hirsutism and acne by decreasing SHBG levels and binding to androgen receptors. Therefore, it is generally avoided in PCOS patients with hyperandrogenism. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Best Progestins for PCOS:** Desogestrel, Gestodene, and Norgestimate (3rd gen) or **Cyproterone acetate** and **Drospirenone** (anti-androgenic progestins). * **Timeframe:** It takes at least **6 months** of COCP therapy to see a clinical improvement in hirsutism due to the long hair growth cycle. * **Mechanism:** COCPs work by: 1) Suppressing LH (decreasing ovarian androgens), 2) Increasing SHBG (decreasing free testosterone), and 3) Inhibiting 5α-reductase activity in the skin.

Q: A 30-year-old athlete complains of amenorrhea for 1 year. Her BMI is 20 kg/m2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are in the low normal range. Clinical and ultrasonography (USG) findings are normal. What is the most likely cause of her amenorrhea?

Excessive exercise. **Explanation:** The patient presents with **Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA)**, a condition characterized by the suppression of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian (HPO) axis due to energy deficits. **Why "Excessive Exercise" is correct:** In female athletes, intense physical activity combined with inadequate caloric intake leads to a decrease in **GnRH pulsatility** from the hypothalamus. This results in "low-normal" or low levels of LH and FSH (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) and subsequent low estrogen. The patient’s history as an athlete and a BMI on the lower end of normal (20 kg/m²) strongly point toward exercise-induced FHA. **Why other options are incorrect:** * **Depression:** While psychological stress can cause FHA, the specific mention of the patient being an athlete makes exercise the more definitive clinical trigger. * **Premature Menopause (POI):** This would present with **elevated** gonadotropins (High FSH/LH) due to the loss of negative feedback from the ovaries, not low-normal levels. * **Anorexia Nervosa:** While this also causes FHA, it typically presents with a BMI <17.5 kg/m², severe body image distortion, and more profound metabolic disturbances than described here. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Female Athlete Triad:** Consists of (1) Low energy availability/Disordered eating, (2) Menstrual dysfunction (Amenorrhea), and (3) Low bone mineral density (Osteoporosis). * **Diagnosis of Exclusion:** FHA is diagnosed only after ruling out organic causes (e.g., pregnancy, prolactinoma, thyroid dysfunction). * **Progesterone Challenge Test:** Patients with FHA usually have a **negative** withdrawal bleed because of low endogenous estrogen levels (thin endometrium). * **Management:** The primary treatment is lifestyle modification (increasing caloric intake and reducing exercise intensity).

Q: Mifepristone is not used in which of the following conditions?

Threatened abortion. **Explanation:** **Mifepristone** is a potent **competitive progesterone receptor antagonist**. Since progesterone is the "hormone of pregnancy" essential for maintaining the decidua and uterine quiescence, blocking its receptors leads to decidual breakdown, cervical softening, and increased uterine contractility. 1. **Why Threatened Abortion is the correct answer:** In a threatened abortion, the goal of management is to **preserve the pregnancy**. Progesterone supplementation is often used to support the pregnancy. Administering Mifepristone (an anti-progesterone) would actively promote the detachment of the embryo and induce uterine contractions, leading to an inevitable or complete abortion. Therefore, it is strictly contraindicated. 2. **Analysis of other options:** * **Fibroid:** Mifepristone is used to reduce the size of leiomyomas by inhibiting progesterone-dependent growth of the fibroid tissue. * **Ectopic Pregnancy:** While Methotrexate is the primary medical management, Mifepristone is sometimes used as an adjunct to increase the success rate of tubal resolution by sensitizing the tissue. * **Molar Pregnancy:** Mifepristone can be used as a pre-evacuation cervical priming agent to facilitate suction and evacuation. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Medical Abortion Protocol:** 200 mg Mifepristone (oral) followed 36–48 hours later by 800 mcg Misoprostol (vaginal/oral/buccal) is effective up to 9 weeks (63 days) of gestation. * **Cushing’s Syndrome:** Mifepristone is also FDA-approved for controlling hyperglycemia in patients with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (due to its glucocorticoid receptor antagonistic effect at high doses). * **Emergency Contraception:** A single dose of 10 mg Mifepristone is highly effective if taken within 120 hours of unprotected intercourse.

Q: Which of the following is FALSE regarding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

High FSH/LH ratio. **Explanation:** In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), the characteristic hormonal imbalance is a **Reversed FSH/LH ratio**, typically >2:1 or 3:1. Therefore, Option A is false because PCOS is characterized by **High LH** and **Low/Normal FSH**. The increased pulse frequency of GnRH favors LH production over FSH. Low FSH levels result in poor follicular recruitment and a lack of aromatase activity, leading to an accumulation of androgens. **Analysis of other options:** * **Bilateral ovarian cysts:** According to the **Rotterdam Criteria**, one of the diagnostic features is the presence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound (≥12 follicles measuring 2–9 mm or ovarian volume >10 mL). This is typically a bilateral finding. * **Hirsutism:** This is a clinical manifestation of hyperandrogenism, another pillar of the Rotterdam Criteria. It is often assessed using the **Modified Ferriman-Gallwey score**. * **Increased risk of diabetes mellitus:** PCOS is strongly associated with **peripheral insulin resistance** and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. This significantly increases the long-term risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Rotterdam Criteria (2 out of 3):** 1. Oligo/Anovulation, 2. Hyperandrogenism (Clinical/Biochemical), 3. Polycystic ovaries on USG. * **Gold Standard Investigation:** Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVS). * **DOC for Ovulation Induction:** Letrozole (Aromatase inhibitor) is now preferred over Clomiphene Citrate. * **Long-term risks:** Endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma (due to unopposed estrogen), Dyslipidemia, and OSA.

Q: A woman presents with galactorrhea and amenorrhea for 1 year. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Pituitary tumor. ### Explanation The combination of **galactorrhea** (inappropriate milk secretion) and **amenorrhea** (absence of menses) is the classic clinical presentation of **hyperprolactinemia**. **1. Why Pituitary Tumor is Correct:** The most common pathological cause of persistent hyperprolactinemia is a **Prolactinoma** (a benign pituitary adenoma). Prolactin directly inhibits the pulsatile release of **GnRH** from the hypothalamus. This leads to decreased secretion of FSH and LH, resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which manifests as amenorrhea. Simultaneously, high prolactin levels stimulate the mammary glands to produce milk, causing galactorrhea. **2. Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Pregnancy:** While pregnancy is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea, it is typically associated with breast tenderness and enlargement rather than active galactorrhea during the gestation period (due to high progesterone levels inhibiting milk let-down). * **Sheehan’s Syndrome:** This involves postpartum pituitary necrosis. It typically presents with a **failure to lactate** (due to prolactin deficiency) and amenorrhea, rather than galactorrhea. * **Metastasis to Pituitary:** While possible, it is extremely rare compared to primary pituitary adenomas and usually presents with diabetes insipidus or multiple cranial nerve palsies. **3. High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **First-line Investigation:** Serum Prolactin levels. If >200 ng/mL, it strongly suggests a prolactinoma. * **Gold Standard Imaging:** MRI with gadolinium enhancement (focused on the Sella Turcica). * **Drug of Choice:** **Cabergoline** (a dopamine agonist) is preferred over Bromocriptine due to better efficacy and fewer side effects. * **Hook Effect:** In cases of giant adenomas, extremely high prolactin levels may paradoxically show a low lab value; serial dilutions are required for diagnosis.

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a typical ultrasound finding of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Accepted Answer

Ovarian volume of 10 cc or less

Answer

Presence of 12 or more follicles measuring 2-9 mm in diameter in each ovary, and/or increased ovarian volume (>10 mL)

Answer

Peripheral distribution of small follicles, often described as a 'string of pearls' or 'necklace sign'

Answer

Increased ovarian stromal echogenicity or stromal volume

Question 2

A 35-year-old woman presents with delayed menstrual cycles and a history of primary infertility. Laparoscopic examination reveals a normal uterus, bilateral enlarged ovaries, and normal fallopian tubes. Chromotubation shows blue dye spillage. What is the most probable cause?

Accepted Answer

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Answer

Endometriosis

Answer

Ovarian cyst

Answer

Tubo-ovarian mass

Question 3

The Modified Ferriman Gallway score is used to grade which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Hirsutism

Answer

Abnormal Uterine bleeding

Answer

Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD)

Answer

Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia

Question 4

What is the treatment for a hirsute patient with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Accepted Answer

Ethinyl estradiol + Desogestrel

Answer

Ethinyl estradiol + Levonorgestrel

Answer

Levonorgestrel

Answer

None of the above

Question 5

A 30-year-old athlete complains of amenorrhea for 1 year. Her BMI is 20 kg/m2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are in the low normal range. Clinical and ultrasonography (USG) findings are normal. What is the most likely cause of her amenorrhea?

Accepted Answer

Excessive exercise

Answer

Depression

Answer

Premature menopause

Answer

Anorexia nervosa

Question 6

Mifepristone is not used in which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Threatened abortion

Answer

Fibroid

Answer

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer

Molar pregnancy

Question 7

What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea with ambiguous genitalia in a 46XX individual?

Accepted Answer

21-hydroxylase deficiency

Answer

17-hydroxylase deficiency

Answer

11-hydroxylase deficiency

Answer

Desmolase hydrolase deficiency

Question 8

Which of the following is FALSE regarding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Accepted Answer

High FSH/LH ratio

Answer

Bilateral ovarian cysts

Answer

Hirsutism

Answer

Increased risk of diabetes mellitus

Question 9

A woman presents with galactorrhea and amenorrhea for 1 year. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Pituitary tumor

Answer

Pregnancy

Answer

Sheehan's syndrome

Answer

Metastasis to pituitary from other carcinoma

Question 10

A 19-year-old woman presents with primary amenorrhea. Her physical examination is normal, showing female sex characteristics and breast development. The only abnormality noted is the absence of body hair. Genetic testing reveals an XY chromosome pattern. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely to explain her phenotypic pattern and amenorrhea?

Accepted Answer

Androgen receptor defect

Answer

Estrogen receptor defect

Answer

Excess hormone production

Answer

Decreased hormone production

Reproductive Endocrinology — MCQs

Reproductive Endocrinology — MCQs

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