Vaccine and Vaccination Practice Questions

Q: Components of acellular pertussis vaccine

PT + FHA + Pertactin. ***PT + FHA + Pertactin*** - The most common contemporary **acellular pertussis vaccines (DTaP and Tdap)** typically include **detoxified pertussis toxin (PT)**, **filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)**, and **pertactin (PRN)** as key antigenic components. - These components elicit a protective immune response against *Bordetella pertussis* by targeting virulence factors essential for bacterial adherence and pathogenesis. *FHA + Pertactin* - This option is incomplete as it misses the crucial **pertussis toxin (PT)**, which is a major virulence factor and a primary component of acellular pertussis vaccines. - While FHA and pertactin are important for immunity, they alone are insufficient to provide comprehensive protection against all aspects of pertussis infection. *PT + Pertactin* - This combination is incomplete, as it omits **filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)**, an important adhesin that contributes significantly to *Bordetella pertussis* colonization and is a standard component of acellular vaccines. - A comprehensive vaccine strategy aims to include multiple antigens to achieve broader and more robust immunity. *PT + FHA + PRN + FIM* - While some research vaccines and earlier formulations might have included **fimbriae (FIM)**, modern and widely available acellular pertussis vaccines (DTaP/Tdap) in many regions primarily rely on **PT, FHA, and pertactin (PRN)** as the core three components. - The inclusion of fimbriae is not universal across all acellular pertussis vaccines currently in use, though some formulations do include FIM types 2 and 3 for enhanced protection.

Q: Vaccines prepared in embryonated hen's eggs are:

Measles. ***Measles*** - The **measles vaccine** is produced using live attenuated virus grown in **chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cultures** derived from embryonated hen's eggs. - This egg-based production method requires caution in individuals with **severe egg allergies**, though the risk is minimal with modern formulations. - Among the given options, measles is the **classic example** of an egg-substrate vaccine. *Rabies* - Most modern **rabies vaccines** are produced in **human diploid cells (HDCV)** or **purified chick embryo cell (PCEC)** cultures. - While PCEC uses chicken-derived cells, it represents a **cell culture system** rather than direct embryonated egg production. - Not the primary example of egg-based vaccine production. *Rubella* - The **rubella vaccine** component is manufactured using live attenuated virus grown in **human diploid cell cultures** (WI-38 or MRC-5). - **Does not involve** embryonated hen's eggs in its production process. *Varicella* - The **varicella (chickenpox) vaccine** is produced from live attenuated virus grown in **human diploid cell cultures** (MRC-5). - **Does not utilize** embryonated hen's eggs in manufacturing.

Q: The process of attenuation can be achieved by all except:

Serial passage in an experimental host. ***Serial passage in an experimental host*** - This option is **too vague and non-specific** to reliably achieve attenuation. The term "experimental host" could refer to *any host used in laboratory settings*, including the **natural host** of the pathogen. - Serial passage in the **natural/susceptible host** may actually **maintain or increase virulence** rather than attenuate, as the pathogen continues to adapt to its preferred environment. - **Attenuation requires passage in *unnatural* or *unfavorable* conditions** - not just "an experimental host." *Repeated cultures in artificial media* - This method attenuates pathogens by forcing adaptation to an **in vitro environment**, leading to loss of virulence factors unnecessary for artificial growth but crucial for host infection. - **Examples:** *BCG vaccine* (attenuated *M. bovis* after 230 passages), *Sabin polio vaccine* (passage in monkey kidney cells). - Virulence genes become non-functional over many passages in cell-free media. *Growing bacteria in unconventional host* - Passage in a **non-natural host** (different species) causes loss of virulence factors specific to the original host. - **Example:** *Yellow fever 17D vaccine* (passage in chicken embryos), *measles vaccine* (passage in chicken embryo fibroblasts). - This is a **specific application** of serial passage that reliably achieves attenuation. *Growing bacteria in adverse environment* - Exposure to **suboptimal conditions** (unfavorable temperatures, pH, oxygen tension) causes genetic mutations or loss of virulence plasmids. - **Example:** *Live attenuated influenza vaccine* (cold-adapted strains grown at 25°C instead of 37°C). - Selects for strains prioritizing survival over pathogenesis.

Q: Inactivated SA 14-14-2 vaccine is an example of which type of vaccine?

Live attenuated vaccine. ***Live attenuated vaccine*** - The **SA 14-14-2 vaccine** is a **live attenuated Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vaccine** developed through serial passage and attenuation of the wild-type SA 14 strain. - The designation "14-14-2" refers to the specific **attenuated strain** after multiple passages, not to an inactivation process. - This vaccine uses **weakened (attenuated) virus** that can replicate minimally, providing robust and long-lasting immunity similar to natural infection. - It is widely used in **China, India, and other Asian countries** in national immunization programs. *Inactivated vaccine* - While there is also an **inactivated version** of the SA 14-14-2 strain (vero cell-derived inactivated JE vaccine), the term "SA 14-14-2 vaccine" by itself typically refers to the **live attenuated formulation**. - Inactivated vaccines contain killed viral particles that cannot replicate. *Toxoid vaccine* - **Toxoid vaccines** are based on inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids), not viral antigens. - Examples include vaccines for **tetanus** and **diphtheria**, which target toxins produced by bacteria. - This type does not apply to viral vaccines like Japanese Encephalitis. *Subunit vaccine* - **Subunit vaccines** contain only specific purified antigenic components (proteins, polysaccharides) rather than whole organisms. - Examples include **Hepatitis B vaccine** (HBsAg) and **HPV vaccine**. - The SA 14-14-2 vaccine uses the whole attenuated virus, not subunits.

Q: Nakayama strain used for which vaccine?

Japanese encephalitis. **Correct Answer: Japanese encephalitis** - The **Nakayama strain** is a well-known strain of the **Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)** and was historically used in the development of some of the earliest inactivated JEV vaccines. - While newer vaccine strains like Beijing-1 and SA14-14-2 are more common today, the Nakayama strain played a crucial role in vaccine history and is still referenced in the context of Japanese encephalitis. *Incorrect: Chicken pox* - The vaccine for chickenpox (varicella) typically uses the **Oka strain** of the **Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)**, not the Nakayama strain. - Chickenpox is caused by VZV, a herpesvirus, which is distinct from the flavivirus causing Japanese encephalitis. *Incorrect: Typhoid* - Typhoid vaccines are designed to protect against **Salmonella Typhi**, a bacterium, not a virus. - Common typhoid vaccines include inactivated whole-cell vaccines or the Vi polysaccharide vaccine, none of which involve the Nakayama strain. *Incorrect: Yellow fever* - The yellow fever vaccine uses a live-attenuated virus derived from the **17D strain** of the **Yellow Fever Virus (YFV)**. - While both JEV and YFV are flaviviruses, they are distinct, and the Nakayama strain is specific to Japanese encephalitis.

Q: What is the name of the mumps vaccine?

Jeryl Lynn. **Jeryl Lynn**- The **Jeryl Lynn strain** is a widely used and well-established **live attenuated mumps virus vaccine**.- It forms the basis of many **mumps-containing vaccines**, including the combined **MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine**.*Edmonston*- The **Edmonston strain** is a well-known **measles vaccine strain**, not a mumps vaccine strain.- It is a **live attenuated measles virus vaccine** commonly included in the MMR vaccine.*Danish 1331*- **Danish 1331** refers to a **live attenuated rubella vaccine strain**, not a mumps vaccine strain.- This strain is part of the **MMR vaccine** and protects against rubella.*OKA*- The **OKA strain** is a prominent **live attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine strain**, used for the chickenpox vaccine.- It is not associated with the **mumps vaccine**.

Q: All the following are conjugate vaccines Except

Hepatitis A. ***Hepatitis A (Correct Answer)*** - The **Hepatitis A vaccine** is a **killed viral vaccine** (inactivated vaccine), meaning it contains whole hepatitis A virus particles that have been inactivated so they cannot replicate or cause disease. - It is **NOT a conjugate vaccine** - inactivated vaccines primarily induce a **humoral immune response** without the need for a carrier protein conjugated to a polysaccharide. - This makes Hepatitis A the exception among the options listed. *Neisseria meningitidis (Incorrect)* - The most common vaccines against *Neisseria meningitidis* are **conjugate vaccines**, where the **polysaccharide capsule** is chemically linked to a protein carrier to enhance immunogenicity in infants and young children. - This conjugation allows for T-cell dependent immunity, leading to better memory responses and protection. *Haemophilus influenzae type b (Incorrect)* - The **Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine** is a **conjugate vaccine**, linking the **polysaccharide capsule** of the bacterium to a carrier protein. - This helps induce a robust T-cell dependent immune response, which is crucial for protecting infants and young children against **invasive Hib disease**. *Pneumococcal (Incorrect)* - **Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines** (PCV13, PCV15, PCV20) link the **polysaccharide capsule** to a protein carrier, enhancing immunogenicity and memory, especially in young children. - While polysaccharide vaccines (PPSV23) also exist, the conjugate forms are the primary vaccines used in routine immunization schedules.

Q: Type of immunity conferred on an individual by vaccination is -

Artificial active. ***Artificial active*** - Vaccination introduces **antigens** to the body (artificial means) without causing disease, stimulating the immune system to produce its own antibodies and memory cells. - This type of immunity is considered **active** because the individual's immune system actively participates in generating the protective response, leading to long-lasting immunity. *Artificial passive* - This involves the direct transfer of **pre-formed antibodies** from an external source into an individual to provide immediate, short-term protection. - Examples include antitoxins for tetanus or rabies, where the recipient's immune system does not actively participate in antibody production. *Natural passive* - This occurs when antibodies are transferred naturally from one individual to another, such as from a mother to her fetus across the **placenta (IgG)** or through **breast milk (IgA)**. - It provides temporary protection to the infant without requiring the infant's immune system to produce its own antibodies. *Natural active* - This type of immunity develops when an individual is naturally exposed to a **pathogen** and the immune system responds by producing its own antibodies and memory cells. - This occurs after recovering from an infection, providing long-lasting protection against subsequent encounters with the same pathogen.

Q: Which of the following is a cell-fraction derived vaccine?

Hepatitis-B. ***Hepatitis-B*** - The Hepatitis B vaccine is a **recombinant vaccine**, produced by inserting the gene for the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) into yeast cells. - These yeast cells then produce large amounts of HBsAg, which is purified and used as the vaccine, making it a **cell-fraction derived** or subunit vaccine. *Measles* - The measles vaccine is a **live-attenuated virus vaccine**, meaning it contains a weakened form of the measles virus. - It induces a robust immune response by mimicking natural infection without causing severe disease. *Mumps* - Similar to measles, the mumps vaccine is also a **live-attenuated virus vaccine**, containing a weakened form of the mumps virus. - This type of vaccine provides long-lasting immunity with a single dose. *Rubella* - The rubella vaccine is another example of a **live-attenuated virus vaccine**, using a weakened rubella virus strain. - It is often administered as part of the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) combination vaccine.

Q: BCG, True about it -

Live vaccine. ***Live vaccine*** - BCG (Bacille-Calmette-Guérin) is a **live attenuated vaccine** derived from a weakened strain of *Mycobacterium bovis*. - This live attenuated form elicits a robust immune response, similar to a natural infection, providing protection against **tuberculosis**. *Killed vaccine* - **Killed vaccines** contain inactivated pathogens that cannot replicate, but still retain their immunogenicity. - BCG is a **live, attenuated** vaccine, meaning the pathogen is still alive but weakened, not killed. *Subcutaneously given* - BCG vaccine is typically administered **intradermally** into the deltoid region, not subcutaneously. - This specific route is crucial for eliciting the desired immune response and local reaction, which includes a **papule** that eventually forms a scar. *Given in positive tubercular patients* - BCG vaccination is generally not recommended for individuals with **active tuberculosis** or latent TB infection. - In these cases, the vaccine would likely not be effective and could potentially cause adverse reactions due to a pre-existing immune response.

Question 1

Components of acellular pertussis vaccine

Accepted Answer

PT + FHA + Pertactin

Answer

FHA + Pertactin

Answer

PT + Pertactin

Answer

PT + FHA + PRN + FIM

Question 2

Vaccines prepared in embryonated hen's eggs are:

Accepted Answer

Measles

Answer

Rabies

Answer

Rubella

Answer

Varicella

Question 3

The process of attenuation can be achieved by all except:

Accepted Answer

Serial passage in an experimental host

Answer

Repeated cultures in artificial media

Answer

Growing bacteria in unconventional host

Answer

Growing bacteria in adverse environment

Question 4

Inactivated SA 14-14-2 vaccine is an example of which type of vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Live attenuated vaccine

Answer

Toxoid vaccine

Answer

Inactivated vaccine

Answer

Subunit vaccine

Question 5

Nakayama strain used for which vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Japanese encephalitis

Answer

Chicken pox

Answer

Typhoid

Answer

Yellow fever

Question 6

What is the name of the mumps vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Jeryl Lynn

Answer

Edmonston

Answer

Danish 1331

Answer

OKA

Question 7

All the following are conjugate vaccines Except

Accepted Answer

Hepatitis A

Answer

Neisseria meningitidis

Answer

Haemophilus influenzae type b

Answer

Pneumococcal

Question 8

Type of immunity conferred on an individual by vaccination is -

Accepted Answer

Artificial active

Answer

Artificial passive

Answer

Natural passive

Answer

Natural active

Question 9

Which of the following is a cell-fraction derived vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Hepatitis-B

Answer

Measles

Answer

Mumps

Answer

Rubella

Question 10

BCG, True about it -

Accepted Answer

Live vaccine

Answer

Killed vaccine

Answer

Subcutaneously given

Answer

Given in positive tubercular patients

Vaccine and Vaccination — MCQs

Vaccine and Vaccination — MCQs

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