Beta-lactamase Producing Organisms — MCQs

All are true about ESBL except -

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antibiotic resistance?

Carbapenem which has a tendency to cause maximum seizures?

Which class of antibiotics is primarily inactivated by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)?

All the following statements are true regarding beta-lactams except:

Production of inactivating enzymes is an important mechanism of drug resistance for all of these antibiotics EXCEPT

Which of the following bacteria is classified as facultative anaerobe?

A person returns to Delhi from Bangladesh after 2 days and has diarrhea. Stool examination shows RBC's in stool. The likely organism causing is ?

A 65-year-old male underwent emergency laparotomy for perforated duodenal ulcer 5 days ago. He now develops fever (38.5°C), productive cough, and increased oxygen requirement. Chest X-ray shows a new right lower lobe infiltrate. Gram stain of endotracheal aspirate shows Gram-negative bacilli, and culture grows lactose-fermenting colonies that are oxidase-negative and produce a metallic sheen on EMB agar. The isolate is resistant to ampicillin and third-generation cephalosporins but sensitive to cefoxitin (a cephamycin). Resistance is inhibited by clavulanic acid in disk synergy testing. The isolate is also resistant to fluoroquinolones, but sensitive to carbapenems and colistin. What is the most likely mechanism of antibiotic resistance in this organism?

A cluster of pneumonia cases is reported from a city with high mortality rate. Sputum cultures show gram-negative coccobacilli resistant to multiple antibiotics including carbapenems. Gene sequencing reveals blaNDM-1. What is the most critical factor contributing to this emerging resistance?