Hair and Nail Disorders Practice Questions

Q: Preferred concentration of minoxidil for female androgenetic alopecia is?

2%. ***2%*** - Minoxidil 2% solution is the **preferred initial concentration** for female androgenetic alopecia due to its efficacy and better tolerability profile compared to higher concentrations. - While 5% minoxidil can be more effective, it carries a higher risk of **hypertrichosis (unwanted hair growth)**, which is a significant concern for female patients. *5%* - While 5% minoxidil is more effective for male pattern baldness, its use in women is associated with a **higher incidence of hypertrichosis**, particularly on the face. - It is typically considered an alternative for women who do not respond to 2% minoxidil and are willing to accept the increased risk of side effects. *8%* - Concentrations of minoxidil above 5% are generally **not recommended** for female androgenetic alopecia due to a significantly increased risk of side effects, including severe hypertrichosis and scalp irritation. - The additional benefit in terms of hair regrowth with such high concentrations is often outweighed by the **adverse effects**. *10%* - Minoxidil 10% is rarely used for female androgenetic alopecia and is typically reserved for **severe cases in men** who have not responded to lower concentrations. - Its use in women would lead to unacceptably high rates of **adverse events**, especially hypertrichosis.

Q: What is the definition of Alopecia universalis?

Loss of all hair on the body. **Correct: Loss of all hair on the body** - **Alopecia universalis** is the most severe form of **alopecia areata**, characterized by complete hair loss across the entire body, including scalp hair, eyebrows, eyelashes, and body hair. - This condition is believed to be an **autoimmune disorder** where the immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles. *Incorrect: Loss of scalp hair* - This definition partially describes **alopecia totalis** (loss of all scalp hair), which is a less extensive form than alopecia universalis. - It does not account for the loss of hair in other body regions, which is a key feature of alopecia universalis. *Incorrect: Loss of hair at the scalp margin* - This description is characteristic of **alopecia marginalis** or **frontal fibrosing alopecia**, which typically affects the hairline, particularly in the frontal and temporal regions. - This is a localized form of hair loss and does not involve hair loss across the entire body. *Incorrect: Male pattern hair loss* - Refers to **androgenetic alopecia**, a common type of hair loss primarily affecting men, characterized by a receding hairline and thinning at the crown. - This is a progressive, patterned hair loss influenced by genetics and hormones, distinct from the widespread autoimmune-mediated loss seen in alopecia universalis.

Q: Nail pitting is most commonly associated with which of the following conditions?

Psoriasis. ***Psoriasis*** - **Nail pitting** is a classic finding in **psoriasis**, present in up to 50% of patients with cutaneous disease and 80-90% of those with psoriatic arthritis. - Other nail changes include **onycholysis**, **subungual hyperkeratosis**, and **oil drop sign**. *Paronychia* - This condition involves **inflammation of the skin surrounding the nail**, often due to infection (bacterial or fungal). - It does not typically cause **nail pitting**, but rather redness, swelling, and pain around the nail fold. *Ectodermal dysplasia* - A group of genetic disorders affecting the development of **ectodermal structures**, including skin, hair, teeth, and nails. - Nail abnormalities can occur, such as **onychodysplasia** or hypoplastic nails, but **pitting** is not a characteristic feature. *Alopecia areata* - An **autoimmune condition** causing patchy hair loss, which can also affect nails in 10-66% of cases. - Nail pitting can occur, often with a **geometric pattern**, along with **trachyonychia** (rough, sandpaper-like nails) or longitudinal ridging. - However, **psoriasis remains the most characteristic** condition associated with nail pitting and is more commonly encountered in clinical practice with nail involvement.

Q: What type of condition is alopecia areata?

Autoimmune disorder. ***Autoimmune disorder*** - **Alopecia areata** is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy **hair follicles**, leading to non-scarring hair loss. - This immune response targets specific structures within the hair follicle, interrupting the normal hair growth cycle. *Allergic disorder* - Allergic disorders involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances (**allergens**), often mediated by IgE antibodies, which is not the primary mechanism in alopecia areata. - Clinical manifestations typically include hives, eczema, or respiratory symptoms, rather than targeted hair follicle destruction. *Anaphylactic disorder* - Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that involves a sudden systemic release of mediators, causing widespread symptoms like bronchospasm and hypotension. - This acute, systemic reaction is distinct from the chronic, localized immune attack on hair follicles seen in alopecia areata. *Bacterial infection* - Bacterial infections are caused by microorganisms and are typically treated with antibiotics, often presenting with signs of inflammation like pus, redness, and fever. - **Alopecia areata** is not caused by bacteria and does not respond to antibiotic treatment, as its etiology is rooted in immune dysfunction.

Q: Which of the following can cause both cicatricial as well as non-cicatricial alopecia?

SLE. ***SLE*** - **Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)** can cause both **non-scarring alopecia (diffuse thinning)** due to immune complex deposition around hair follicles, and **scarring alopecia (discoid lupus erythematosus of the scalp)**. - The scarring form, discoid lupus, can lead to permanent hair loss and **cicatrix formation**, whereas non-scarring forms are often reversible. *Telogen effluvium (temporary hair loss)* - **Telogen effluvium** is a form of **non-scarring alopecia** characterized by excessive shedding of telogen hair, typically triggered by stress, illness, or medication. - It does not involve damage to the hair follicle stem cells and is highly reversible, thus **no cicatricial changes occur**. *Hypothyroidism (hormonal imbalance)* - **Hypothyroidism** typically causes **diffuse, non-scarring hair loss** (telogen effluvium) due to the metabolic slowdown affecting the hair growth cycle. - It does not directly cause destruction of hair follicles leading to **scarring or cicatricial alopecia**. *Alopecia areata (non-scarring alopecia)* - **Alopecia areata** is an autoimmune condition causing **patchy, non-scarring hair loss**, characterized by lymphocytes attacking active hair follicles. - The hair follicles remain intact, allowing for potential regrowth, and it **does not lead to scarring**.

Q: Which of the following nail findings is seen in the condition shown below?

Nail Pitting. **Nail Pitting** - The image clearly displays multiple **small depressions or pits** on the surface of the toenails, which is characteristic of nail pitting. - Nail pitting is a common finding in **psoriasis**, where the nails often show these distinctive indentations due to abnormal keratinization in the nail matrix. - This is the most prominent and diagnostic feature visible in the image. *Nail Pterygium* - Nail pterygium involves the forward growth of the proximal nail fold (the cuticle) attaching to the nail plate, or the distal growth of the hyponychium attaching to the nail plate. - This condition is often associated with **lichen planus**, trauma, or connective tissue diseases, and is not visible in the provided image. *Nail Pigmentation* - Nail pigmentation refers to discoloration of the nail plate, which can range from brown, black, blue, or green. - Causes include melanin deposition (e.g., in moles, melanoma), medications, or fungal infections, none of which are primarily depicted in the image. *Nail Ridges* - Nail ridges (longitudinal or transverse) are lines or grooves on the nail surface. - Longitudinal ridges are common with aging, while transverse ridges **(Beau's lines)** indicate a temporary cessation of nail growth due to illness or trauma. - While some mild longitudinal ridging might be present, the most prominent and diagnostic feature in the image is the presence of **pits**, not just ridges.

Q: What does the anagen phase of hair growth indicate?

The phase of active growth of hair.. **Correct: The phase of active growth of hair.** - The **anagen phase** is the active growth period for hair follicles, during which cells in the hair matrix rapidly divide and differentiate, leading to hair elongation. - This phase determines the **length of the hair**, lasting anywhere from 2 to 7 years in the scalp. *Incorrect: The phase of transition between growth and rest.* - This description corresponds to the **catagen phase**, a short transitional period following anagen. - During the **catagen phase**, the hair follicle shrinks, and hair growth ceases as the hair detaches from the dermal papilla. *Incorrect: The phase of hair resting.* - This refers to the **telogen phase**, which is the resting stage of the hair cycle. - In the **telogen phase**, hair follicles are inactive, and hairs are retained in the follicle but are not actively growing; they are eventually shed. *Incorrect: The phase of hair degeneration.* - This term is most accurately associated with the **catagen phase**, where the hair follicle undergoes controlled apoptosis and structural changes signaling the end of growth. - While **telogen** can be considered a resting or dormant phase, "degeneration" explicitly describes the cellular and structural breakdown characteristic of catagen.

Q: Which of the following causes non-cicatricial alopecia?

All of the options. ***All of the options*** - **Tinea capitis**, **SLE** (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus), and **Alopecia areata** all can cause **non-cicatricial alopecia**. - **Non-cicatricial alopecia** refers to hair loss where the hair follicle is not permanently destroyed, and hair regrowth is possible, leaving no scarring. *Tinea capitis* - This is a **fungal infection** of the scalp that causes hair shafts to break, leading to patches of hair loss. - While it can lead to inflammation, it typically does not cause permanent destruction of the hair follicle unless severe and untreated, thus being predominantly **non-cicatricial**. *SLE* - Hair loss in **SLE** can occur due to various mechanisms, including diffuse thinning, patchy alopecia, or the characteristic "**lupus hair**" (fragile hairs around the hairline). - This type of hair loss is usually **non-scarring** and reversible, although discoid lupus erythematosus often causes scarring alopecia. *Alopecia areata* - This is an **autoimmune condition** characterized by patchy, sudden hair loss on the scalp or other body parts. - The hair follicles are attacked by the immune system but are not destroyed, making the condition largely **non-cicatricial** and potentially reversible.

Q: Which of the following conditions does NOT cause nail pitting?

Pityriasis Rosea. ***Pityriasis Rosea*** - This condition primarily affects the **skin**, causing a distinctive rash of oval, pinkish-red patches, often preceded by a **herald patch**. - It characteristically spares the **nails**, meaning nail pitting is not a feature of pityriasis rosea. - Nail changes are not associated with this self-limiting dermatosis. *Lichen planus* - **Nail lichen planus** can cause various nail changes, including **pitting**, longitudinal ridging, pterygium formation, and thinning of the nail plate. - It is an inflammatory condition affecting the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. - Nail involvement occurs in approximately 10% of patients with cutaneous lichen planus. *Psoriasis* - **Nail psoriasis** is common, affecting up to 50% of patients with psoriasis, and **pitting is the most characteristic nail finding**. - Pitting appears as small punctate depressions on the nail surface due to defects in the proximal nail matrix. - Other nail changes include onycholysis (oil drop sign), subungual hyperkeratosis, and salmon patches. *Fungal infection* - **Onychomycosis** (fungal nail infection) typically causes **thickening, discoloration, onycholysis, and crumbling** of the nail. - **True nail pitting is NOT a characteristic feature** of fungal infections, as pitting results from defects in the proximal nail matrix, not fungal invasion. - Fungal infections affect the nail plate and bed differently, causing destruction rather than the punctate depressions seen in pitting.

Q: Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to cause nail pigmentation changes?

Wilson disease. ***Wilson disease*** - This condition primarily involves **copper accumulation** in the liver and brain, leading to **hepatic dysfunction** and **neurological symptoms**. - While it can cause some dermatological changes like **azure lunulae** (blue discoloration of the nail beds), true nail pigmentation changes (melanonychia) are not a typical or prominent feature. *Peutz-Jeghers syndrome* - Characterized by **mucocutaneous melanin spots** on the lips, buccal mucosa, and digits, which can extend to the nails causing **longitudinal melanonychia**. - These **pigmented macules** are a hallmark of the syndrome and are distinct from other causes of nail pigmentation. *Addison disease* - This is a primary **adrenal insufficiency** leading to increased **ACTH** (adrenocorticotropic hormone) production, which has melanocyte-stimulating properties. - The elevated ACTH stimulates **melanin production**, resulting in widespread hyperpigmentation, including the **nail beds** and **mucous membranes**. *Cushing disease* - Although less common and pronounced than in Addison disease, **Cushing syndrome** (especially when due to an ACTH-producing tumor) can also cause **hyperpigmentation** due to excess ACTH. - This can manifest as **skin darkening** and, in some cases, subtle **nail pigmentation changes**.

Question 1

Preferred concentration of minoxidil for female androgenetic alopecia is?

Accepted Answer

2%

Answer

5%

Answer

8%

Answer

10%

Question 2

What is the definition of Alopecia universalis?

Accepted Answer

Loss of all hair on the body

Answer

Loss of scalp hair

Answer

Loss of hair at the scalp margin

Answer

Male pattern hair loss

Question 3

Nail pitting is most commonly associated with which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Psoriasis

Answer

Paronychia

Answer

Ectodermal dysplasia

Answer

Alopecia areata

Question 4

What type of condition is alopecia areata?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disorder

Answer

Allergic disorder

Answer

Anaphylactic disorder

Answer

Bacterial infection

Question 5

Which of the following can cause both cicatricial as well as non-cicatricial alopecia?

Accepted Answer

SLE

Answer

Telogen effluvium (temporary hair loss)

Answer

Hypothyroidism (hormonal imbalance)

Answer

Alopecia areata (non-scarring alopecia)

Question 6

Which of the following nail findings is seen in the condition shown below?

Accepted Answer

Nail Pitting

Answer

Nail Pterygium

Answer

Nail Pigmentation

Answer

Nail Ridges

Question 7

What does the anagen phase of hair growth indicate?

Accepted Answer

The phase of active growth of hair.

Answer

The phase of transition between growth and rest.

Answer

The phase of hair resting.

Answer

The phase of hair degeneration.

Question 8

Which of the following causes non-cicatricial alopecia?

Accepted Answer

All of the options

Answer

Tinea capitis

Answer

SLE

Answer

Alopecia areata

Question 9

Which of the following conditions does NOT cause nail pitting?

Accepted Answer

Pityriasis Rosea

Answer

Lichen planus

Answer

Fungal infection

Answer

Psoriasis

Question 10

Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to cause nail pigmentation changes?

Accepted Answer

Wilson disease

Answer

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Answer

Cushing disease

Answer

Addison disease

Hair and Nail Disorders — MCQs

Hair and Nail Disorders — MCQs

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