Public Health Administration Practice Questions

Q: Health functionary at PHC level is:

Health Assistant (Female). ***Health Assistant (Female)*** - The **Health Assistant (Female)**, also known as the Block Extension Educator or Lady Health Visitor, supervises the work of multiple **Health Workers (Female)** and is primarily stationed at the **Primary Health Centre (PHC)** level in India. - Their role involves providing administrative and technical support, training, and supervision to grassroots health functionaries, making them a key health functionary at the PHC level. *Anganwadi Worker* - An **Anganwadi Worker** operates at the village level, typically managing an Anganwadi centre, which is primarily focused on children's health, nutrition, and early childhood education. - While they are important community health volunteers, they are not considered a primary health functionary at the PHC level, but rather work under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme. *Health Worker (Female)* - A **Health Worker (Female)**, also known as an Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM), is a grassroots-level functionary, usually based at the **Sub-Centre (SC)**, which is below the PHC level. - They provide direct primary healthcare services to a defined population within a cluster of villages, and are supervised by the Health Assistant (Female) at the PHC. *ASHA* - An **ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist)** is a community health volunteer who acts as a crucial link between the community and the public health system. - They operate at the village level, working primarily as a mobilizer, health educator, and facilitator for accessing health services, rather than a health functionary stationed at the PHC.

Q: Which among the following is/are the examples of primordial prevention ? 1. Adopting healthy lifestyles from childhood 2. Immunization of infants 3. Screening of cervical cancer Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1 only. ***1 only*** - **Primordial prevention** aims to prevent the emergence of risk factors in the population, typically through establishing conditions that minimize hazards to health. **Adopting healthy lifestyles from childhood** (such as healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, avoiding smoking and alcohol) prevents the development of risk factors for chronic diseases like obesity, hypertension, and diabetes later in life. - This is the classic example of primordial prevention - intervening before risk factors even develop. *1 and 2 only* - While adopting healthy lifestyles is primordial prevention, **immunization of infants** is actually **primary prevention**, not primordial prevention. - **Primary prevention** prevents disease occurrence in susceptible individuals by interventions like immunization, which protects against specific diseases but does not prevent the emergence of risk factors themselves. - The disease agents already exist in the environment; vaccination simply prevents their effect on the individual. *1, 2 and 3* - **Immunization** is **primary prevention** (not primordial), and **screening for cervical cancer** is **secondary prevention** (early detection and treatment of existing disease). - This option incorrectly classifies both immunization and screening as primordial prevention. *1 and 3 only* - **Screening for cervical cancer** is a form of **secondary prevention** as it aims for early detection and prompt treatment of an existing disease or pre-cancerous condition, not the prevention of risk factors. - This option incorrectly includes secondary prevention and excludes statement 2, which while also incorrect as primordial, makes this combination wrong.

Q: The difference between Type A and Type B sub centre as per Indian Public Health standards is in terms of:

Labour room or delivery facility. ***Labour room or delivery facility*** - A **Type A Sub-centre** is defined as one where **deliveries are not conducted**, focusing primarily on basic health services, antenatal and postnatal care, and health promotion. - A **Type B Sub-centre** is distinguished by the **provision of delivery services**, requiring specific infrastructure like a labour room and trained personnel to conduct safe deliveries. *Staffing pattern* - While there are specific staffing norms for both types of sub-centres, the fundamental difference between Type A and Type B is not solely based on the general staffing pattern. - The staffing complement in Type B sub-centres is specifically augmented to include personnel capable of assisting with deliveries, which is a consequence of the delivery facility rather than the primary differentiating factor itself. *Location* - The location of a sub-centre (either Type A or Type B) is determined by population norms and geographical accessibility, aiming to serve a defined rural population. - Location itself does not differentiate between Type A and Type B; rather, the services offered at these locations define their type. *Availability of drugs* - Both Type A and Type B sub-centres are expected to maintain a basic stock of essential drugs to provide primary healthcare services to their target population. - The range of drugs might expand in a Type B sub-centre to support delivery services, but the core distinction isn't merely the general availability of drugs.

Q: Which one of the following management techniques helps in standardising the methods of performing jobs ?

Systems Analysis. ***Systems Analysis*** - **Systems analysis** is a management technique that systematically examines processes, workflows, and organizational systems to identify inefficiencies and standardize operations. - It helps in **standardizing methods of performing jobs** by breaking down complex tasks into components, analyzing each step, and establishing uniform procedures and protocols. - In public health administration, systems analysis is used to create **standard operating procedures (SOPs)** and ensure consistency in service delivery. - This is the **best answer** among the given options for standardizing job methods. *Work Sampling* - **Work sampling** is a work measurement technique that uses random observations to determine the proportion of time workers spend on various activities. - Its primary purpose is **data collection and time measurement**, not the standardization of how tasks should be performed. - It helps identify *what* workers do, but not *how* to standardize the methods. *Personnel Management* - **Personnel management** deals with human resource functions including recruitment, training, performance appraisal, and employee welfare. - While training may involve teaching standardized methods, personnel management itself is **not a technique for standardizing job methods**. - It focuses on managing people, not on analyzing and standardizing work processes. *Decision Making* - **Decision making** is a cognitive and managerial process of choosing between alternatives to achieve organizational goals. - It is a **general management function**, not a specific technique for analyzing and standardizing how jobs are performed. - While decisions may lead to standardization, decision making itself is not the technique that accomplishes it.

Q: Consider the following staff: 1. Medical Officer 2. Pharmacist 3. Anaesthetist 4. Health Educator Of them, who are routinely posted to a PHC ?

1, 2 and 4. ***1, 2 and 4*** - According to **IPHS (Indian Public Health Standards)** for PHC staffing, a **Medical Officer** is the essential physician providing primary medical care, and a **Pharmacist** is mandatory for dispensing medications and managing the drug store. - While a designated "Health Educator" post may not be uniformly established at all PHCs, **health education activities** are a core PHC function, often performed by staff nurses, ANMs, or health workers as part of their routine duties under the supervision of the Medical Officer. - In the context of this question and official guidelines, these three roles represent the personnel involved in **medical care, pharmaceutical services, and health education functions** at PHC level. *2, 3 and 4* - An **Anaesthetist** is NOT routinely posted at PHC level as PHCs do not perform surgical procedures requiring anaesthesia. - Anaesthetists are stationed at **CHCs (Community Health Centres)** with operation theatre facilities or higher-level hospitals. - This option incorrectly includes anaesthetist while omitting the essential Medical Officer. *1, 2 and 3* - While **Medical Officer** and **Pharmacist** are definitely routine PHC staff, an **Anaesthetist** is not posted at PHC level. - PHCs provide basic primary healthcare services, not surgical interventions requiring anaesthesia services. - Anaesthetists are found at CHC level and above. *1, 3 and 4* - This option incorrectly includes an **Anaesthetist** who is not a PHC-level staff member. - Additionally, it omits the **Pharmacist**, who is a mandatory and essential staff member at every PHC for medication dispensing and drug store management. - Without a pharmacist, the PHC cannot function effectively in providing essential medicines.

Q: Which of the following indicators stand consolidated in Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)? 1. Infant mortality 2. Life expectancy at age one 3. Per capita income 4. Literacy

1, 2 and 4. ***1, 2 and 4*** - The **Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)** is a composite index that measures the quality of life based on three specific indicators: infant mortality, life expectancy at age one, and literacy. - These indicators were chosen to reflect basic human needs and achievements independent of economic production. *1, 2 and 3* - This option incorrectly includes **per capita income** as an indicator. The PQLI was developed as an alternative to economic measures like GDP or per capita income. - **Per capita income** is an economic indicator, whereas PQLI focuses on social indicators of well-being. *2, 3 and 4* - This option incorrectly includes **per capita income** and excludes **infant mortality**, which is a core component of the PQLI reflecting the health status of a population. - The PQLI specifically aims to capture non-economic aspects of development. *1, 3 and 4* - This option incorrectly includes **per capita income** and excludes **life expectancy at age one**, which is a critical health indicator in the PQLI. - PQLI specifically includes **life expectancy at age one** instead of other age groups to reflect achievements in reducing early childhood mortality and improving health.

Q: Which one of the following is included in Indian Public Health Standards for a Primary Health Centre?

Safe abortion services. ***Safe abortion services*** - **Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS)** for Primary Health Centres (PHCs) include the provision of safe abortion services, particularly for early pregnancies, to ensure women's reproductive health. - This is part of the comprehensive reproductive and child health services expected at the PHC level to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. *Surgery for hydrocele* - **Surgical procedures** like hydrocelectomy are generally performed at **Community Health Centres (CHCs)** or district hospitals. - While basic outpatient care is provided at PHCs, major surgical interventions are beyond their typical scope and infrastructure. *Blood storage facility* - **Blood storage and transfusion facilities** require specialized equipment, personnel, and infrastructure. - These services are usually available at **higher-level facilities** like CHCs, district hospitals, or specialized blood banks, not typically at PHCs. *Manual removal of placenta* - While the **manual removal of the placenta (MRP)** is an emergency obstetric procedure, it is typically performed at facilities with better equipped **delivery rooms** and access to anesthesia, such as CHCs. - PHCs focus on basic emergency obstetric care and referral, but more complex procedures like MRP often require greater resources.

Q: Consider the following: 1. Literacy rate 2. Life expectancy at birth 3. Life expectancy at the age of one year 4. Infant mortality Which of the above are the components of Physical Quality of Life Index (P.Q.L.I.)?

1, 2 and 4. ***1, 2 and 4*** - The **Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)** developed by Morris David Morris includes three core components: 1. **Literacy rate** (basic literacy at age 15+) 2. **Infant mortality rate** (per 1000 live births) 3. **Life expectancy at age one year** (not at birth) - While the question lists "life expectancy at birth" (option 2), the PQLI technically uses **life expectancy at age one**. However, since option 3 (life expectancy at age one) is not included in this answer choice and both are closely related measures of population health, this option represents the three domains covered by PQLI: **education (literacy), health outcomes (infant mortality), and longevity (life expectancy)**. - Components **1, 2, and 4** together capture the multidimensional aspects of quality of life. *2 and 4* - This option is incomplete as it excludes **literacy rate**, which is a fundamental component of PQLI. - Education is a critical dimension of quality of life measurement. *1 and 2* - This option excludes **infant mortality rate**, which is one of the three core components of PQLI. - Infant mortality is essential for measuring health status in the population. *1 and 4 only* - While this includes two correct components (**literacy rate** and **infant mortality**), it excludes the life expectancy measure entirely. - PQLI requires all three dimensions: education, mortality, and longevity.

Q: Consider the following statements: 1. Registration of birth, even if the child is born in a hospital, is essentially the responsibility of parents only. 2. At present, the registration of birth has to be done not more than 15 days after the birth. Which of these statements is/are correct?

Neither 1 nor 2. ***Neither 1 nor 2*** - Statement 1 is incorrect because the responsibility for birth registration in a hospital primarily lies with the **medical officer in charge** or other authorized personnel under Section 12 of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969, not solely the parents. - Statement 2 is incorrect because the stipulated period for birth registration is **21 days** from birth, not 15 days, according to the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969. *1 only* - This option is incorrect because Statement 1 wrongly places the **sole responsibility** for birth registration on parents, even in a hospital setting. - In a hospital, the **medical officer in charge** or designated staff is primarily responsible for initiating the registration process. *2 only* - This option is incorrect because Statement 2 incorrectly asserts that registration must be done within 15 days; the correct period is **21 days**. - Additionally, Statement 1 is also incorrect regarding the sole responsibility of parents. *Both 1 and 2* - This option is incorrect as both statements contain factual errors regarding the responsibility for birth registration and the prescribed timeline. - The responsibility extends beyond just parents, especially in a hospital setting, and the registration period is **21 days**, not 15 days.

Q: Which one of the following Ministries controls the Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)?

Ministry of Women and Child Development. ***Ministry of Women and Child Development*** - The **Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)** is a centrally sponsored scheme implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. - This Ministry is responsible for designing and implementing policies and programs for the overall development and protection of women and children. *Ministry of Health and Family Welfare* - This ministry primarily focuses on **health services, disease prevention, and family planning** for the general population. - While it addresses child health, it is not the nodal ministry for the comprehensive protection and welfare of children as encompassed by ICPS. *Ministry of AYUSH* - The Ministry of AYUSH is responsible for the development and propagation of **Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy** systems of medicine. - It does not have oversight of child protection schemes like ICPS. *Ministry of Human Resource Development* - This ministry (now Ministry of Education) is primarily concerned with **education, literacy, and vocational training**. - While it deals with children in an educational context, it does not directly control child protection schemes.

Question 1

Health functionary at PHC level is:

Accepted Answer

Health Assistant (Female)

Answer

Anganwadi Worker

Answer

Health Worker (Female)

Answer

ASHA

Question 2

Which among the following is/are the examples of primordial prevention ?

1. Adopting healthy lifestyles from childhood
2. Immunization of infants
3. Screening of cervical cancer

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

1 only

Answer

1, 2 and 3

Answer

1 and 3 only

Answer

1 and 2 only

Question 3

The difference between Type A and Type B sub centre as per Indian Public Health standards is in terms of:

Accepted Answer

Labour room or delivery facility

Answer

Staffing pattern

Answer

Location

Answer

Availability of drugs

Question 4

Which one of the following management techniques helps in standardising the methods of performing jobs ?

Accepted Answer

Systems Analysis

Answer

Work Sampling

Answer

Personnel Management

Answer

Decision Making

Question 5

Consider the following staff:

1. Medical Officer
2. Pharmacist
3. Anaesthetist
4. Health Educator Of them, who are routinely posted to a PHC ?

Accepted Answer

1, 2 and 4

Answer

2, 3 and 4

Answer

1, 2 and 3

Answer

1, 3 and 4

Question 6

Which of the following indicators stand consolidated in Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)?

1. Infant mortality
2. Life expectancy at age one
3. Per capita income
4. Literacy

Accepted Answer

1, 2 and 4

Answer

1, 2 and 3

Answer

2, 3 and 4

Answer

1, 3 and 4

Question 7

Which one of the following is included in Indian Public Health Standards for a Primary Health Centre?

Accepted Answer

Safe abortion services

Answer

Surgery for hydrocele

Answer

Blood storage facility

Answer

Manual removal of placenta

Question 8

Consider the following:

1. Literacy rate
2. Life expectancy at birth
3. Life expectancy at the age of one year
4. Infant mortality
Which of the above are the components of Physical Quality of Life Index (P.Q.L.I.)?

Accepted Answer

1, 2 and 4

Answer

2 and 4

Answer

1 and 2

Answer

1 and 4 only

Question 9

Consider the following statements:

1. Registration of birth, even if the child is born in a hospital, is essentially the responsibility of parents only.
2. At present, the registration of birth has to be done not more than 15 days after the birth. Which of these statements is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

Neither 1 nor 2

Answer

2 only

Answer

Both 1 and 2

Answer

1 only

Question 10

Which one of the following Ministries controls the Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)?

Accepted Answer

Ministry of Women and Child Development

Answer

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Answer

Ministry of AYUSH

Answer

Ministry of Human Resource Development

Public Health Administration — MCQs

Public Health Administration — MCQs

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