Non-Communicable Diseases Practice Questions

Q: Identify the programme depicted by symbol as given in the image:

Vision 2020: The Right to Sight. ***Vision 2020: The Right to Sight*** - The symbol is the **eye logo** of Vision 2020, representing the global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness. - The **red cross** background highlights the medical and humanitarian focus on eye health.

Q: The following symbol is used to depict awareness for which disease?

Breast cancer. ***Breast cancer*** - The **pink ribbon** is an internationally recognised symbol for breast cancer awareness. - It is prominently used in campaigns, especially during **Breast Cancer Awareness Month** in October, to promote screening and early detection. *Diabetes* - The symbol for diabetes awareness is typically a **blue circle**, representing the global unity in the fight against diabetes. - While it's a significant health issue, it does not use the pink ribbon for its awareness campaigns. *Cervical cancer* - The awareness ribbon for cervical cancer is typically **teal and white**. - This symbol highlights the importance of vaccination and regular screening tests like Pap smears. *Hypertension* - There isn't a universally recognized ribbon symbol for hypertension; however, sometimes a **red dress** or variations of a **red ribbon** are used for heart health awareness in general. - Hypertension awareness focuses on lifestyle modifications, regular monitoring, and medication adherence.

Q: The following logo depicts which disease?

Diabetes. ***Diabetes*** - The **blue circle logo** is the universal symbol for **diabetes awareness**. - It was adopted by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to symbolize the global effort to combat diabetes.

Q: Which of the following is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease?

Cigarette smoking. ***Cigarette smoking*** - **Cigarette smoking** is considered the most significant modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease due to its direct and severe impact on **endothelial function** and **atherosclerosis**. - It causes vasoconstriction, increases **blood pressure**, lowers **HDL cholesterol**, and promotes **thrombosis**. *Obesity* - **Obesity** is a significant modifiable risk factor, often linked to other conditions like **hypertension** and **diabetes**, which increase CHD risk. - However, its impact is generally considered less direct and severe than that of active smoking. *Sedentary habits* - **Sedentary habits** contribute to CHD risk by promoting obesity, **insulin resistance**, and unfavorable lipid profiles. - While important, the direct and immediate harm caused by sedentary habits is typically less pronounced compared to smoking. *Age* - **Age** is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, with risk increasing significantly as one gets older. - However, age is a **non-modifiable** risk factor, meaning it cannot be changed, unlike the factors listed in the other options.

Q: Which of the following will be target population for screening of diabetes?

All of the options. ***All of the options*** - All listed groups—**people over 40 years of age**, **individuals with a family history of diabetes**, and **women who have had a baby weighing more than 4.5 kg**—are considered high-risk populations for developing diabetes. - Screening these groups is a **cost-effective strategy** to identify diabetes early, allowing for timely intervention and prevention of complications. *People over 40 years of age* - **Age** is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes, with incidence progressively increasing after 40 due to decreased insulin sensitivity. - Routine screening is recommended by guidelines for adults in this age group, regardless of other risk factors. *People with family history of diabetes* - A **genetic predisposition** plays a crucial role in the development of type 2 diabetes, making a family history a strong indicator for increased risk. - Screening is essential for these individuals to detect the condition early, even if they are otherwise asymptomatic. *Women who have had a baby weighing more than 4·5 kg* - Delivering a **large-for-gestational-age infant** (macrosomia) is a strong indicator of prior **gestational diabetes (GDM)**, even if not formally diagnosed at the time. - Women with a history of GDM have a significantly increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Q: Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease ?

Age. ***Age*** - Age is a **non-modifiable risk factor** for coronary heart disease because it cannot be changed or controlled. As people age, their risk of developing CHD naturally increases due to physiological changes and increased exposure to other risk factors over time. [1] - The older an individual is, especially for men over 45 and women over 55, the higher their risk for developing **atherosclerosis** and its complications, including CHD. [1] *Elevated serum cholesterol* - **Elevated serum cholesterol**, particularly high levels of LDL cholesterol, is a **modifiable risk factor** because it can be lowered through diet, exercise, and medication. [1] - Reducing cholesterol levels can significantly decrease the risk of **atherosclerosis** and subsequent CHD. [1] *Alcoholism* - **Alcoholism** is a **modifiable risk factor** as it represents a lifestyle choice that can be changed through behavioral interventions and support. - Excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to high blood pressure, **cardiomyopathy**, and increased triglyceride levels, all of which raise the risk of CHD. *Cigarette smoking* - **Cigarette smoking** is a major **modifiable risk factor** for CHD because it is a habit that individuals can choose to stop. [1] - Smoking damages blood vessels, increases **blood clotting**, and reduces oxygen delivery to the heart, significantly accelerating the development of atherosclerosis. [1]

Q: Which of the following is the most common malignant tumour in adult males in India?

Oro-pharyngeal carcinoma. ***Oro-pharyngeal carcinoma*** - Traditionally, **oropharyngeal carcinoma** (oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers) has been cited as the most prevalent malignant tumor in adult males in India, primarily due to high rates of **tobacco chewing** (gutka, betel quid) and **smoking**. - This type of cancer accounts for approximately **25-30%** of all male cancers in many Indian cancer registries. - The high burden is attributed to widespread tobacco and areca nut consumption, particularly in states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and northeastern regions. - **Note:** Recent epidemiological data (GLOBOCAN 2020) suggests lung cancer may have overtaken oral cancers in overall incidence, though variations exist across different registries and regions. *Lung cancer* - **Lung cancer** is a major cause of cancer mortality in Indian males and shows rising incidence trends. - In recent data, it competes closely with oral cancers for the top position, with some registries showing it as the most common cancer. - Associated primarily with **smoking** (bidis and cigarettes) and exposure to indoor air pollution. - The increasing urbanization and smoking prevalence contribute to its growing burden. *Gastric carcinoma* - **Gastric carcinoma** has moderate incidence in India, with higher rates in southern states. - Linked to dietary factors (high salt, smoked foods) and **Helicobacter pylori** infection. - Ranks lower than oral and lung cancers in overall male cancer incidence. *Colo-rectal carcinoma* - **Colorectal carcinoma** is less common in India compared to Western countries. - Its incidence is gradually increasing with changing dietary patterns and lifestyle factors. - Ranks significantly lower in prevalence among adult male cancers compared to oral and lung cancers.

Q: Rheumatic Heart Disease can be prevented by:

Treatment of respiratory infections in children. ***Treatment of respiratory infections in children (Correct Answer)*** - **Prompt and adequate treatment** of Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) with antibiotics (typically Penicillin) is the **primary prevention method** for acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). - This prevents the immune-mediated inflammatory response that leads to damage of heart valves, which is the hallmark of RHD. - **Primary prevention** involves treating the initial streptococcal infection within 9 days of onset to prevent ARF development. *Screening of school going children* - Screening asymptomatic school-going children is **not a primary prevention strategy** as it doesn't prevent the initial infection or immune response. - While screening can help identify **existing cases of RHD** for secondary prevention (preventing disease progression and recurrence), it doesn't prevent the initial development of the disease. - Secondary prevention with benzathine penicillin prophylaxis is used after RHD is detected. *All of these* - This option is incorrect because **only one of the listed activities** represents true primary prevention of RHD. - While a comprehensive RHD control program may include multiple strategies (treatment, screening, health education), not all the options listed are valid prevention methods. *Vaccination against Streptococcus* - A **highly effective vaccine against all relevant strains of Group A Streptococcus** is **not currently available** for general use. - Research into streptococcal vaccines is ongoing, but challenges include the large number of M-protein serotypes (>200) and concerns about autoimmunity. - Such a vaccine would be a major breakthrough in preventing ARF and RHD in the future.

Q: Which of the following are non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension? 1. Age 2. Sex 3. Genetic factors Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1, 2 and 3. ***1, 2 and 3*** - **Age** is a significant non-modifiable risk factor for hypertension; blood pressure tends to increase with advancing age due to arterial stiffness and other physiological changes. - While lifestyle and environmental factors play a role, **genetic predisposition** (hereditary factors) is a well-established non-modifiable risk factor that influences an individual's susceptibility to hypertension. - **Sex** is also considered a non-modifiable risk factor, as hormonal differences and physiological variations between biological sexes influence the prevalence and progression of hypertension across different life stages. *1 only* - This option is incomplete as it excludes other well-recognized non-modifiable risk factors like **sex** and **genetic factors**. - While **age** is a crucial non-modifiable risk factor, focusing solely on it would overlook a comprehensive understanding of inherent risks. *1 and 2 only* - This option incorrectly omits **genetic factors**, which are fundamental non-modifiable determinants of hypertension risk. - Although **age** and **sex** are valid non-modifiable factors, the absence of **genetic predisposition** makes this option incomplete. *2 and 3 only* - This option incorrectly excludes **age**, which is one of the most prominent non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension, as blood pressure generally rises with age. - Omitting **age** from the list of non-modifiable factors provides an incomplete understanding of inherent hypertension risks.

Question 1

Identify the programme depicted by symbol as given in the image:

Accepted Answer

Vision 2020: The Right to Sight

Answer

National Programme for Control of Blindness

Answer

Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram

Answer

National Health Mission

Question 2

The following symbol is used to depict awareness for which disease?

Accepted Answer

Breast cancer

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Cervical cancer

Answer

Hypertension

Question 3

The following logo depicts which disease?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Autism

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Obesity

Question 4

Which of the following is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Cigarette smoking

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Age

Answer

Sedentary habits

Question 5

Which of the following will be target population for screening of diabetes?

Accepted Answer

All of the options

Answer

People over 40 years of age

Answer

People with family history of diabetes

Answer

Women who have had a baby weighing more than 4·5 kg

Question 6

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease ?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Elevated serum cholesterol

Answer

Alcoholism

Answer

Cigarette smoking

Question 7

Which of the following is the most common malignant tumour in adult males in India?

Accepted Answer

Oro-pharyngeal carcinoma

Answer

Lung cancer

Answer

Gastric carcinoma

Answer

Colo-rectal carcinoma

Question 8

Rheumatic Heart Disease can be prevented by:

Accepted Answer

Treatment of respiratory infections in children

Answer

Screening of school going children

Answer

All of these

Answer

Vaccination against Streptococcus

Question 9

Which of the following are non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension?

1. Age
2. Sex
3. Genetic factors

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

1, 2 and 3

Answer

1 only

Answer

1 and 2 only

Answer

2 and 3 only

Question 10

Which one of the following statements is correct regarding diabetes epidemiology?

Accepted Answer

Maternal diabetes increases the risk of subsequent diabetes.

Answer

Females are 2.5 times more at risk.

Answer

Its prevalence is not affected by age.

Answer

Central obesity is not linked with diabetes.

Non-Communicable Diseases — MCQs

Non-Communicable Diseases — MCQs

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