Non-Communicable Diseases Practice Questions

Q: STEPwise approach to surveillance for Non-Communicable diseases step 2 is

Physical measurement. ***Physical measurement*** - The **STEPwise approach** to NCD surveillance involves three steps, with Step 2 specifically focusing on **physical measurements**. - This step includes measurements like **blood pressure**, BMI, weight, height, and waist circumference, which provide crucial data on NCD risk factors. *Biochemical Measurement* - This is typically **Step 3** in the WHO STEPwise approach, focusing on biological measurements from blood or urine samples. - Examples include **blood glucose**, cholesterol levels, and other biomarkers. *Behavioral measurement* - This corresponds to **Step 1** of the WHO STEPwise approach, which involves self-reported data on lifestyle factors. - It covers aspects like **diet**, physical activity, and tobacco/alcohol consumption. *Emotional Assessment* - While emotional and mental health are relevant to overall well-being, **emotional assessment** is not a standard, distinct step in the core WHO STEPwise approach for NCD surveillance. - The STEPs focus on behavioral, physical, and biochemical indicators of NCD risk.

Q: What is the definition of blindness according to WHO?

Visual acuity of less than 3/60 in the better eye. ***Visual acuity of less than 3/60 in the better eye*** - According to the **World Health Organization (WHO)**, blindness is defined as a **presenting visual acuity** of less than 3/60 (or equivalent field loss) in the **better eye**. - This definition is crucial for **epidemiological studies**, public health planning, and determining eligibility for support services. *Visual acuity of less than 6/60 in the better eye* - A visual acuity of less than 6/60 in the better eye typically defines **severe visual impairment** according to WHO classifications, not complete blindness. - It represents a significant visual deficit but is not as profound as the 3/60 threshold for blindness. *Visual acuity of less than 10/60 in the better eye* - A visual acuity of less than 10/60 does not correspond to a standard WHO classification for either blindness or severe visual impairment. - This level of vision would generally fall within the range of **moderate visual impairment**, indicating a less severe condition than blindness. *Visual acuity of less than 20/60 in the better eye* - A visual acuity of less than 20/60 (or 6/18 in metric) in the better eye is often used as a threshold for **mild visual impairment** or **driving restrictions** in some regions. - This is a much milder degree of visual loss compared to the definition of blindness.

Q: All of the following come under priority of Stroke control programme EXCEPT:

Control of alcoholism. ***Control of alcoholism*** - While **alcoholism** is a health concern, its direct and immediate impact as a primary modifiable risk factor for stroke in large-scale stroke control programs is generally less emphasized compared to other factors. - Stroke control programs typically prioritize risk factors with a more direct and significant impact on stroke incidence and severity, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. *Control of smoking* - **Smoking** is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke, significantly increasing the risk of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke due to its effects on atherosclerosis and clotting. - Quitting smoking is a cornerstone of any stroke prevention strategy, and thus its control is a high priority. *Control of diabetes* - **Diabetes** significantly increases the risk of stroke by promoting atherosclerosis and affecting blood vessel health. - Strict glycemic control is essential in preventing stroke and is a priority in stroke control programs. *Control of hypertension* - **Hypertension** is the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke, contributing to both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. - Effective blood pressure management is critical for primary and secondary stroke prevention and is a top priority in stroke control programs.

Q: WHO global target for prevention and control of non communicable diseases by 2025 is to decrease the prevalence of raised blood pressure (hypertension) by

25%. ***25%*** - The World Health Organization (WHO) set a **global target** to achieve a **25% relative reduction** in the prevalence of **raised blood pressure (hypertension)** by 2025 (compared to 2010 baseline). - This target is part of the **WHO Global Action Plan for NCDs** and the Global Monitoring Framework to combat **non-communicable diseases (NCDs)**. *75%* - A 75% reduction in hypertension prevalence is an **unrealistically ambitious** target given current global health challenges and interventions. - While significant reductions are desired, the evidence-based target set by WHO is a more achievable 25% reduction. *90%* - A 90% reduction is not one of the specifically stated **WHO global targets** for hypertension by 2025. - Such a drastic reduction would require unprecedented public health interventions and is not supported by current evidence. *55%* - 55% is not a recognized **WHO target** for the prevention and control of hypertension by 2025. - The established global target from the WHO NCD Global Monitoring Framework specifically focuses on a **25% relative reduction**.

Q: In the context of clinical monitoring, what does BP tracking primarily involve?

Daily BP measurement and recording for monitoring purposes. ***Daily BP measurement and recording for monitoring purposes*** - **BP tracking** in clinical practice primarily involves routinely taking and documenting **blood pressure readings** over time. - This systematic approach helps in monitoring blood pressure trends, assessing treatment effectiveness, and identifying potential issues like **hypertension** or **hypotension**. - The term "tracking" specifically refers to the **serial measurement and documentation** of BP values. *Blood pressure should be monitored regularly using appropriate methods* - This is a general **recommendation** for BP monitoring, but it is broader than the specific activity of "tracking." - It describes the necessity for surveillance, whereas tracking specifically implies the **recording and systematic analysis of data** over time. *Adults with high BP today are likely to have had high BP as children* - This statement describes the **epidemiological phenomenon** of BP tracking (correlation between childhood and adult BP). - While "BP tracking" can refer to this concept in epidemiology, in the **clinical monitoring context**, it refers to serial measurements. - This relates to the **natural history and epidemiology** of hypertension, not the clinical practice of BP tracking. *High BP in childhood tends to persist into adulthood* - This also describes the **epidemiological tracking phenomenon** rather than the clinical practice. - It highlights a **prognostic trend** and risk factor for adult hypertension. - Does not explain what the clinical activity of BP tracking entails.

Q: World No Tobacco Day is observed on:

31-May. ***31-May*** - **World No Tobacco Day** is observed globally on May 31st each year. - This day is dedicated to raising awareness about the dangers of **tobacco use** and advocating for effective policies to reduce tobacco consumption. *15-May* - May 15th is recognized as **International Day of Families**, focusing on the social, economic, and demographic factors affecting families. - It does not have any direct association with **anti-tobacco campaigns**. *1-May* - May 1st is widely known as **International Workers' Day** or May Day, celebrating the achievements of the labor movement. - This date is not related to **tobacco control** efforts. *25-May* - May 25th is recognized as **Africa Day**, celebrating African unity and progress. - This date has no connection to **public health campaigns** against tobacco.

Q: True statement about road traffic accidents

Contribute to 50% of all injury-related deaths in India. ***Contribute to 50% of all injury-related deaths in India*** - Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a significant public health problem in India, accounting for about **half of all injury-related deaths**. - This highlights the severe impact of RTAs on mortality rates due to injuries in the country. - According to WHO and National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data, RTAs consistently contribute to approximately 40-50% of all injury-related mortality in India. *More common in motor-car users than pedestrians in the USA* - While motor-car occupants are involved in many accidents, **pedestrian fatalities** remain a serious concern in the USA. - This statement makes an unverified comparison that is not consistently true across all data sets, as pedestrian risks can be substantial, particularly in urban areas. *Most common cause of accidental deaths in India* - While RTAs are a **leading** cause of accidental deaths, the "most common" designation varies depending on the year and specific data definitions. - Other major causes of accidental deaths include **falls, drowning, and poisoning**, making the absolute claim of "most common" inaccurate. *More numerous than self-inflicted injuries in India* - This statement compares RTAs to self-inflicted injuries (suicide attempts or self-harm), which are distinctly different injury categories. - Without specific comparative epidemiological data, this direct numerical comparison is speculative and not consistently supported by evidence.

Q: The non-modifiable risk factor for hypertension is -

Age. ***Age*** - Age is a **non-modifiable** risk factor because it is an inherent biological process that cannot be changed. [3] - The risk of developing **hypertension** generally increases with advancing age due to arterial stiffening and other physiological changes. [1] *Environment stress* - **Environmental stress** is considered a **modifiable** risk factor because individuals can learn coping mechanisms or make lifestyle changes to reduce its impact. - Chronic stress can lead to **sympathetic nervous system activation**, contributing to elevated blood pressure. [4] *Obesity* - **Obesity** is a **modifiable** risk factor, as it can be directly addressed through diet, exercise, and other lifestyle interventions. [2] - It increases the risk of hypertension by fostering **insulin resistance**, **inflammation**, and increased **cardiac output**. *Salt intake* - **Salt intake** is a **modifiable** risk factor as it can be controlled through dietary choices. [2] - Excessive sodium consumption can lead to **fluid retention** and increased blood volume, thereby raising blood pressure.

Q: Cancer control programme was launched in India in?

1976. **1976** - The **National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP)** was officially launched in India in **1976** to address the growing burden of cancer. - Its initial focus was on **primary prevention**, early detection, treatment, and palliation of cancer cases across the country. *1970* - While there may have been some preliminary discussions or small-scale initiatives related to cancer in the early 1970s, a formal, comprehensive national cancer control programme was **not launched in 1970**. - This year generally predates the systematized approach to cancer control taken by many countries. *1986* - By **1986**, the National Cancer Control Programme was already established and undergoing **revisions and expansions** based on early experiences and evolving needs. - The year 1986 did not mark the initial launch, but rather a period of programme enhancement. *1992* - The year **1992** saw further significant **revisions and strengthening** of the NCCP, particularly in expanding district-level activities and improving infrastructure for cancer care. - However, this was a subsequent development, not the original launch year of the program.

Question 1

STEPwise approach to surveillance for Non-Communicable diseases step 2 is

Accepted Answer

Physical measurement

Answer

Biochemical Measurement

Answer

Behavioral measurement

Answer

Emotional Assessment

Question 2

What is the definition of blindness according to WHO?

Accepted Answer

Visual acuity of less than 3/60 in the better eye

Answer

Visual acuity of less than 10/60 in the better eye

Answer

Visual acuity of less than 20/60 in the better eye

Answer

Visual acuity of less than 6/60 in the better eye

Question 3

All of the following come under priority of Stroke control programme EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Control of alcoholism

Answer

Control of smoking

Answer

Control of diabetes

Answer

Control of hypertension

Question 4

Which one of the following statements about influence of smoking on risk of Coronary Heart Disease is not true?

Accepted Answer

Influence of smoking is only additive to other risk factors for CHD

Answer

Influence of smoking is synergistic to other risk factors for CHD

Answer

Influence of smoking is independent of other risk factors for CHD

Answer

Influence of smoking is directly related to number of cigarettes smoked per day

Question 5

WHO global target for prevention and control of non communicable diseases by 2025 is to decrease the prevalence of raised blood pressure (hypertension) by

Accepted Answer

25%

Answer

75%

Answer

90%

Answer

55%

Question 6

In the context of clinical monitoring, what does BP tracking primarily involve?

Accepted Answer

Daily BP measurement and recording for monitoring purposes

Answer

Blood pressure should be monitored regularly using appropriate methods

Answer

Adults with high BP today are likely to have had high BP as children

Answer

High BP in childhood tends to persist into adulthood

Question 7

World No Tobacco Day is observed on:

Accepted Answer

31-May

Answer

15-May

Answer

1-May

Answer

25-May

Question 8

True statement about road traffic accidents

Accepted Answer

Contribute to 50% of all injury-related deaths in India

Answer

More common in motor-car users than pedestrians in the USA

Answer

Most common cause of accidental deaths in India

Answer

More numerous than self-inflicted injuries in India

Question 9

The non-modifiable risk factor for hypertension is -

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Environment stress

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Salt intake

Question 10

Cancer control programme was launched in India in?

Accepted Answer

1976

Answer

1970

Answer

1986

Answer

1992

Non-Communicable Diseases — MCQs

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