International Health Practice Questions

Q: The only certificate of vaccination required for international travel is

Yellow fever. ***Yellow fever*** - **Yellow fever vaccination certificate** is required for entry into certain countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South America, to prevent the international spread of the disease. - The **International Health Regulations (IHR)** specify yellow fever as one of the few diseases for which proof of vaccination can be mandated for international travel. *BCG* - **BCG vaccination** protects against **tuberculosis** but is generally not a mandatory requirement for international travel, although some countries may recommend it for long-term stays. - While tuberculosis can spread globally, a certificate of BCG vaccination is not an internationally regulated requirement for entry into most countries. *Tetanus* - **Tetanus vaccination** is crucial for individual health protection but is **not a mandatory certificate** for international travel. - Tetanus is typically acquired through contact with spores in the environment, not through person-to-person transmission, so it doesn't pose a risk for international spread. *Hepatitis B* - **Hepatitis B vaccination** is recommended for personal protection, especially for travelers visiting endemic areas or those at risk of exposure, but it is **not a universal requirement** for international entry. - While Hepatitis B can be a serious infection, a vaccination certificate is not specified in the International Health Regulations for cross-border travel.

Q: Which of the following diseases is NOT notifiable to WHO under International Health Regulations (IHR)?

Seasonal influenza. ***Seasonal influenza*** - **Seasonal influenza** is NOT automatically notifiable to WHO under IHR 2005 - Only **novel influenza subtypes** (new strains with pandemic potential) are subject to notification requirements - Routine seasonal flu cases do not meet criteria for international notification despite their widespread occurrence - This makes seasonal influenza the correct answer to this "NOT notifiable" question *Plague* - **Plague** must be assessed for notification using the decision instrument in Annex 2 of IHR 2005 - While not automatically notifiable, plague outbreaks often meet criteria for notification due to their **serious public health impact** and **potential for international spread** - Historical significance and high case-fatality rate make plague a disease of international concern requiring assessment *Yellow fever* - **Yellow fever** requires assessment using the IHR 2005 decision instrument in Annex 2 - Outbreaks frequently meet notification criteria due to **epidemic potential** and **international spread via travelers** - Endemic countries must report yellow fever cases as they often constitute events of potential international concern *Cholera* - **Cholera** must be assessed for notification under IHR 2005 using Annex 2 criteria - Outbreaks typically meet notification thresholds due to **rapid spread potential** and **risk of international transmission** - Countries evaluate cholera events to determine if they constitute a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) **Note:** Under IHR 2005, only **three diseases** are automatically notifiable: smallpox, poliomyelitis due to wild-type poliovirus, and human influenza caused by a new subtype. All other diseases, including plague, cholera, and yellow fever, require assessment using the decision instrument.

Q: Aedes aegypti index at airport -

<1. ***Correct: <1 (Less than 1)*** - The **Aedes aegypti index** at an airport should ideally be **less than 1** to prevent the introduction and spread of mosquito-borne diseases like dengue, yellow fever, and Zika. - A low index indicates effective mosquito control measures are in place, minimizing the risk of disease transmission. - This is the **standard recommended by WHO** and International Health Regulations (IHR) for airports and ports. *Incorrect: 1* - An index of **1** suggests that **1% of the premises** surveyed have Aedes aegypti larvae or pupae. - While seemingly low, this percentage could still pose a risk for disease transmission, especially in a high-traffic area like an airport. - This exceeds the acceptable threshold for vector control at international points of entry. *Incorrect: 0* - An index of **0** would mean no Aedes aegypti breeding sites were found, indicating an ideal but often **practically unachievable state** due to environmental factors and constant human activity. - While desirable, maintaining a zero index might be **economically and operationally challenging** in a large, dynamic environment like an airport. *Incorrect: 1-2* - An index of **1-2** indicates that 1% to 2% of premises have breeding sites, which is considered an **unacceptable risk** for an airport. - At this level, there is a **significant potential** for the introduction and establishment of Aedes-borne diseases, violating international health standards.

Q: Headquarters of FAO is located in

Rome. ***Rome*** - The **Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)** of the United Nations is headquartered in **Rome, Italy**. - This specialized agency leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security. *Geneva* - **Geneva**, Switzerland, hosts many international organizations, including the **World Health Organization (WHO)** and the **World Trade Organization (WTO)**. - It is not the headquarters for the FAO. *New Delhi* - **New Delhi**, India, is a major capital city and houses regional offices for various international bodies. - However, it is not the global headquarters for the FAO. *New York* - **New York City** is home to the **United Nations Headquarters** itself. - While many UN-related activities occur there, the FAO's primary headquarters is in Rome.

Q: Red Cross Society was founded by

Henry Dunant. ***Henry Dunant*** - **Henry Dunant** was a Swiss businessman and humanitarian who witnessed the aftermath of the **Battle of Solferino** in 1859. - His efforts led to the establishment of the **International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)** in 1863 and the first **Geneva Convention** in 1864. - He was awarded the first **Nobel Peace Prize** in 1901 for his humanitarian work. *Florence Nightingale* - **Florence Nightingale** was a pioneering British nurse and social reformer, known as the founder of **modern nursing**. - She gained prominence during the **Crimean War** (1853-1856) for improving sanitary conditions in military hospitals. - While a contemporary of Dunant and a humanitarian, she did not found the Red Cross Society. *Rockefeller* - The **Rockefeller family** is a prominent American industrial, political, and banking family known for extensive philanthropy. - The **Rockefeller Foundation** (established 1913) has supported public health and medical research globally. - However, they were not involved in the founding of the Red Cross. *Clara Barton* - **Clara Barton** was an American nurse and humanitarian who founded the **American Red Cross** in 1881. - She was inspired by the **International Red Cross** and brought the movement to the United States. - However, she did not found the original **International Committee of the Red Cross** - that was Henry Dunant.

Q: Tropical diseases targeted for research and training by WHO include all except:

Rabies. ***Rabies*** - While rabies is a significant public health concern, it is generally *not included* in the list of **Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)** targeted for research and training by the WHO. - Rabies is often managed through **vaccination campaigns** and **post-exposure prophylaxis**, differing from many NTD control strategies focused on vector control and mass drug administration. *Schistosomiasis* - **Schistosomiasis** is a **parasitic disease** caused by trematode worms, and it is explicitly listed as one of the major **Neglected Tropical Diseases** targeted by the WHO. - The WHO focuses on controlling schistosomiasis through **preventive chemotherapy** and **improved sanitation**. *Trypanosomiasis* - **Trypanosomiasis**, specifically **African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)** and **American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)**, are both prominent in the WHO's list of **NTDs**. - Research and training efforts are concentrated on disease surveillance, vector control, and access to diagnostics and treatment for these severe parasitic infections. *Filariasis* - **Filariasis**, including **lymphatic filariasis** and **onchocerciasis (river blindness)**, is another key **Neglected Tropical Disease** targeted by the WHO for elimination. - The WHO supports **mass drug administration** programs and vector control strategies to combat filariasis globally.

Q: Where is the headquarters of WHO located?

Geneva. ***Geneva*** - The **World Health Organization (WHO)** has its headquarters in **Geneva, Switzerland**. - As a specialized agency of the **United Nations**, its central administrative and coordinating functions are based there. *New Delhi* - **New Delhi** is the capital of India and hosts the World Health Organization's Regional Office for **South-East Asia (SEARO)**, not its global headquarters. - While an important regional hub, it does not oversee global operations. *New York* - **New York City** is home to the **United Nations Secretariat** and many other UN agencies. - However, the global headquarters of the World Health Organization is specifically in **Geneva**. *London* - **London**, the capital of the United Kingdom, is a major international city with many global organizations. - However, the **WHO headquarters** is not located in London.

Q: The headquarters of the World Health Organization (WHO) is located in -

Geneva. ***Geneva*** - The **World Health Organization (WHO)** has its headquarters located in **Geneva, Switzerland**. - The headquarters has been in Geneva since WHO's establishment in **1948**, serving as the central hub for the organization's global health initiatives and governance. - Geneva hosts many international organizations, making it a key center for international diplomacy and health policy. *Paris* - **Paris** is home to UNESCO and other international organizations, but **not WHO headquarters**. - While France has significant international presence, the WHO central office is in Switzerland. *New York* - **New York City** is the headquarters of the **United Nations**, but not the WHO. - The UN headquarters houses various UN-related offices, but WHO operates independently from Geneva. *New Delhi* - **New Delhi** is the capital of India and hosts the **WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (SEARO)**, but not the main headquarters. - Regional offices handle specific geographical areas, while the primary administration and Director-General office is in Geneva.

Q: Which of the following cities is the headquarters of UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)?

New York, USA. ***New York, USA*** - This is the **headquarters of UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)**, established in 1946. - UNICEF's headquarters are located at **UNICEF House** in New York City, coordinating global programs for child health, nutrition, education, and protection. - As a UN agency, UNICEF operates from New York alongside the UN headquarters. *Rome, Italy* - Rome is the headquarters of the **Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)** and the **World Food Programme (WFP)**. - These organizations focus on food security, nutrition, and agricultural development globally. *Paris, France* - Paris is the headquarters of **UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)**. - UNESCO focuses on education, science, culture, and communication worldwide. *Geneva, Switzerland* - Geneva is the headquarters of the **World Health Organization (WHO)** and many other UN agencies. - WHO is the leading global health authority, coordinating international health responses and setting health standards.

Q: Which of the following is a major international humanitarian agency widely recognized for emergency aid and long-term development projects in global health?

CARE. ***CARE*** - **CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere)** is a major international humanitarian agency delivering emergency aid and long-term international development projects. - It is widely recognized for its significant contributions to global health and poverty alleviation. *Ford foundation* - The **Ford Foundation** is a private foundation that supports social justice initiatives, including arts and culture, democratic governance, and economic opportunity. - While it funds various impactful programs, it is not primarily known as an emergency relief or health aid organization in the same vein as CARE. *DANIDA* - **DANIDA** is the official development cooperation agency of Denmark, focusing on humanitarian assistance, human rights, and sustainable development. - It is a significant donor but is a government agency rather than a non-governmental organization primarily focused on direct relief like CARE. *Rockefeller foundation* - The **Rockefeller Foundation** is a philanthropic organization that supports innovative solutions to global challenges in health, food, and economic opportunity. - It has a strong historical focus on public health but operates more as an incubator and funder of solutions rather than a direct relief organization.

Question 1

The only certificate of vaccination required for international travel is

Accepted Answer

Yellow fever

Answer

BCG

Answer

Tetanus

Answer

Hepatitis B

Question 2

Which of the following diseases is NOT notifiable to WHO under International Health Regulations (IHR)?

Accepted Answer

Seasonal influenza

Answer

Plague

Answer

Yellow fever

Answer

Cholera

Question 3

Aedes aegypti index at airport -

Accepted Answer

<1

Answer

1

Answer

0

Answer

1-2

Question 4

Headquarters of FAO is located in

Accepted Answer

Rome

Answer

Geneva

Answer

New Delhi

Answer

New York

Question 5

Red Cross Society was founded by

Accepted Answer

Henry Dunant

Answer

Florence Nightingale

Answer

Rockefeller

Answer

Clara Barton

Question 6

Tropical diseases targeted for research and training by WHO include all except:

Accepted Answer

Rabies

Answer

Schistosomiasis

Answer

Trypanosomiasis

Answer

Filariasis

Question 7

Where is the headquarters of WHO located?

Accepted Answer

Geneva

Answer

New Delhi

Answer

New York

Answer

London

Question 8

The headquarters of the World Health Organization (WHO) is located in -

Accepted Answer

Geneva

Answer

New Delhi

Answer

Paris

Answer

New York

Question 9

Which of the following cities is the headquarters of UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)?

Accepted Answer

New York, USA

Answer

Rome, Italy

Answer

Paris

Answer

Geneva, Switzerland

Question 10

Which of the following is a major international humanitarian agency widely recognized for emergency aid and long-term development projects in global health?

Accepted Answer

CARE

Answer

Ford foundation

Answer

DANIDA

Answer

Rockefeller foundation

International Health — MCQs

International Health — MCQs

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