Infectious Diseases — MCQs

Infectious Diseases Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 161: Identify the symbol in the image:

A. MDT (Correct Answer)
B. DOTS
C. ART
D. NRHM

Explanation: ***Correct Answer: MDT (Multi-Drug Therapy)*** - The image depicts a human figure divided into two halves, one red and one orange, against a yellow circle. This specific logo is widely recognized as representing the **Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT)** for leprosy under the National Leprosy Eradication Programme. - The use of two colors symbolizes the different drugs used in combination therapy, and the human figure within a circle represents holistic treatment and the goal of restoring health and dignity to individuals affected by leprosy. - MDT is the cornerstone of leprosy treatment and consists of a combination of rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine. *Incorrect: DOTS* - **DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course)** is a strategy for tuberculosis control, not leprosy. - The DOTS logo typically focuses on lungs or abstract representations of TB treatment and does not match the image shown. *Incorrect: ART* - **ART (Antiretroviral Therapy)** is used for HIV/AIDS treatment. - ART program logos generally incorporate themes related to HIV/AIDS awareness, often including ribbons or stylized health symbols, which differ from the image provided. *Incorrect: NRHM* - **NRHM (National Rural Health Mission)** is a government initiative in India for strengthening rural healthcare infrastructure. - The NRHM logo typically incorporates national symbols or themes related to rural health and community, such as families or health workers, not the dual-colored human figure shown in the image.

Question 162: Which is not true about the organization shown?

A. Launched in 1987 (Correct Answer)
B. Group I states = with > 1% HIV infection in high risk groups
C. RTI/STI clinics are known as "Suraksha clinics"
D. Red ribbon clubs are formed in colleges

Explanation: ***Launched in 1987*** - The **National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)** was actually established in **1992** as a division of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. - Its formation was a response to the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in India, five years *after* the first case was reported in the country in 1986. *Group I states = with > 1% HIV infection in high risk groups* - This statement is **true** and accurately describes one of the classifications for states based on HIV prevalence among high-risk groups as defined by NACO. - NACO categorizes states to tailor intervention strategies, with Group I states requiring intense focused interventions due to higher prevalence rates. *RTI/STI clinics are known as "Suraksha clinics"* - This statement is **true**. NACO has indeed branded clinics providing services for **Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs)** and **Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)** as "Suraksha clinics" (meaning 'protection' clinics). - These clinics are crucial for preventing the spread of HIV by treating co-morbid STIs, which can increase HIV transmission. *Red ribbon clubs are formed in colleges* - This statement is **true**. **Red Ribbon Clubs (RRCs)** are a prominent initiative by NACO, primarily established in colleges and universities. - Their main objective is to spread awareness about HIV/AIDS, promote voluntary blood donation, and instill positive health-seeking behavior among youth.

Question 163: The following symbol denotes:

A. Factory act
B. NREGA
C. RTI act
D. RSBY (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***RSBY*** - The image depicts a logo representing several stylized human figures (resembling **antibodies** or active people) around a central circle, which is the **logo for Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY)**, a government-funded health insurance scheme for the poor in India. - This symbol is widely recognized in India as representing the **health insurance coverage** provided under the RSBY scheme. *Factory act* - The Factories Act of 1948 in India is a legislation aimed at **regulating working conditions in factories**, with a focus on safety, health, and welfare of workers. - Its symbols or representations usually involve industrial safety, machinery, or worker protection, and not the stylized human figures shown. *NREGA* - NREGA (**National Rural Employment Guarantee Act**), later known as MGNREGA, is an Indian labor law and social security measure that guarantees the 'right to work' and aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas. - Its official logos typically involve imagery related to agriculture, rural development, or hands working together, not the specific design shown. *RTI act* - The Right to Information (RTI) Act is an Indian law that mandates timely response to citizen requests for government information. - Its symbols are usually associated with transparency, information access, or scales of justice, which are not reflected in the given image.

Question 164: The following symbol denotes:

A. Kishori Shakti Abhiyan (Correct Answer)
B. Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan
C. Save the girl child campaign
D. Beti bachao beti padhao andolan

Explanation: ***Kishori Shakti Abhiyan*** - The symbol is the **official logo of Kishori Shakti Abhiyan (KSA)**, an Indian government scheme focusing on the holistic development of adolescent girls. - The stylized image of a girl looking upwards with a bindi and hair signifies **female empowerment, growth, and aspiration**, central themes of the KSA program. *Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan* - The **Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)** logo typically features a child reading a book, often with a symbolic representation of education and literacy. - This logo focuses on **education for all**, which is distinct from the specific focus on adolescent girls in the provided image. *Save the girl child campaign* - While related to female welfare, "Save the girl child campaign" is a **generic term**, and this specific logo is not universally associated with it. - Various campaigns under this umbrella have different logos, often depicting themes of **birth and survival of girls.** *Beti bachao beti padhao andolan* - The **Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP)** campaign has a distinct logo, usually incorporating elements like a mother and child or educational symbols. - Its objective is to **address declining child sex ratio** and promote girl education, which differs from the *Kishori Shakti Abhiyan's* focus on adolescent girls' overall development.

Question 165: The following symbol is used to depict awareness for which disease?

A. Diabetes
B. Breast cancer (Correct Answer)
C. Cervical cancer
D. Hypertension

Explanation: ***Breast cancer*** - The **pink ribbon** is an internationally recognised symbol for breast cancer awareness. - It is prominently used in campaigns, especially during **Breast Cancer Awareness Month** in October, to promote screening and early detection. *Diabetes* - The symbol for diabetes awareness is typically a **blue circle**, representing the global unity in the fight against diabetes. - While it's a significant health issue, it does not use the pink ribbon for its awareness campaigns. *Cervical cancer* - The awareness ribbon for cervical cancer is typically **teal and white**. - This symbol highlights the importance of vaccination and regular screening tests like Pap smears. *Hypertension* - There isn't a universally recognized ribbon symbol for hypertension; however, sometimes a **red dress** or variations of a **red ribbon** are used for heart health awareness in general. - Hypertension awareness focuses on lifestyle modifications, regular monitoring, and medication adherence.

Question 166: The kit shown in the picture is used for treatment of:

A. Tuberculosis
B. Leprosy (Correct Answer)
C. Malaria
D. HIV

Explanation: ***Leprosy*** - The pictured blister pack is a characteristic "MDT blister pack" or **Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) kit**, specifically designed for the treatment of **leprosy**. - These packs contain the combination of **dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine**, pre-sorted for daily or monthly administration to simplify treatment and improve adherence. *Tuberculosis* - While tuberculosis also uses multi-drug therapy, the **kit's specific layout and combination of drugs** are not typical for standard TB treatment regimens. - TB drug regimens usually involve drugs like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, often packaged differently. *Malaria* - Treatment for malaria involves **antimalarial drugs** (e.g., chloroquine, artemisinin-based combination therapies), which are packaged and administered in a manner distinct from the pictured leprosy MDT kit. - The drug types and administration schedule would differ significantly. *HIV* - HIV treatment (Antiretroviral Therapy or ART) involves a combination of **antiretroviral drugs**, which are typically packaged in daily dose combinations but **do not resemble the specific leprosy MDT kit** in appearance or the types of medications included. - ART regimens are highly varied and personalized based on viral load and resistance profiles.

Question 167: The life cycle shown below is of:

A. Japanese encephalitis
B. Nipah virus (Correct Answer)
C. Chandipura virus
D. Influenza

Explanation: ***Nipah virus*** - The diagram clearly illustrates the transmission pathways characteristic of Nipah virus, involving **fruit bats (flying foxes)** as primary reservoirs, **pigs as intermediate hosts**, and human infection through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of **contaminated date palm sap**. - The described "rapid pig-to-pig transmission" and "people consume contaminated date palm sap" are key epidemiological features of Nipah virus outbreaks in Southeast Asia. *Japanese encephalitis* - Japanese encephalitis is primarily transmitted by **mosquitoes** (Culex species) and involves **water birds** as primary reservoirs, and pigs as amplifying hosts. - The life cycle shown does not depict mosquito vectors or water birds, which are central to Japanese encephalitis transmission. *Chandipura virus* - Chandipura virus is an arbovirus transmitted by **sandflies** and often associated with seasonal outbreaks of acute encephalitis, primarily affecting children. - Its transmission cycle does not involve bats, pigs, or contaminated date palm sap as depicted in the image. *Influenza* - Influenza viruses circulate mainly among **humans, birds, and pigs**, with transmission primarily through **respiratory droplets** or direct contact. - While pigs can play a role in certain influenza strains (e.g., swine flu), the involvement of bats and consumption of contaminated sap is not characteristic of human influenza transmission.

Question 168: Which is correct sequence of handwashing technique?

A. A → B → C (Correct Answer)
B. A → C → B
C. B → A → C
D. C → B → A

Explanation: ***A → B → C*** - Follows the **WHO 6-step handwashing protocol** progression from **palm-to-palm with fingers interlaced** (step 3) to **backs of fingers against opposing palm** (step 4) to **rotational thumb rubbing** (step 5). - This sequence ensures **systematic cleaning** of all hand surfaces, moving from basic interdigital spaces to more complex finger positions before focusing on the thumb. *A → C → B* - Skips the **backs of fingers cleaning** (step 4) before proceeding to **thumb cleaning**, disrupting the systematic progression. - **Thumb cleaning** should come after thorough **interdigital cleaning** to ensure complete coverage of all finger surfaces. *B → A → C* - Begins with **backs of fingers to opposing palm**, which requires **fingers interlocked**, before completing basic **palm-to-palm interlacing**. - This reverses the **WHO protocol** by attempting advanced finger positioning before establishing proper **interdigital contact**. *C → B → A* - Starts with **thumb cleaning** before addressing **interdigital spaces**, completely reversing the systematic approach. - **Thumb cleaning** should be performed after **thorough finger and palm cleaning** to prevent recontamination of cleaned areas.

Question 169: The following leprosy kit is used for management of:

A. PB child treatment
B. MB child treatment
C. PB adult treatment (Correct Answer)
D. MB adult treatment

Explanation: ***PB adult treatment*** - The blister pack contains only **two drugs**: **Rifampicin (red capsules)** and **Dapsone (white tablets)**, which is characteristic of the **PB (paucibacillary) regimen** for adults. - The **absence of Clofazimine** (light brown tablets) confirms this is a **PB treatment kit**, as MB regimens always include Clofazimine as the third drug. *PB child treatment* - While PB child treatment also uses **Rifampicin and Dapsone**, the dosages would be **lower** (Rifampicin 450mg monthly, Dapsone 50mg daily) compared to adult doses. - The tablet quantities and packaging size in the image suggest **adult dosing** rather than pediatric formulations. *MB child treatment* - **MB (multibacillary) regimens** require **three drugs**: Rifampicin, Dapsone, and **Clofazimine**, which is clearly **absent** from this blister pack. - Child MB treatment would use **reduced doses** of all three medications based on body weight. *MB adult treatment* - **MB adult treatment** includes **Clofazimine (300mg monthly + 50mg daily)** as the third essential drug, which is **not present** in this kit. - MB regimens are used for **12 months** duration, while this PB kit is designed for **6 months** treatment duration.

Question 170: Which one of the following terms is an "all-or-none phenomenon" and is best described as termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agent?

A. Disease surveillance
B. Disease elimination
C. Disease eradication (Correct Answer)
D. Disease control

Explanation: ***Disease eradication*** - **Eradication** means the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts, with no risk of reintroduction. - It is an "**all-or-none phenomenon**" because the infectious agent is completely exterminated globally, signifying a definitive end to transmission. *Disease surveillance* - **Disease surveillance** is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. - It does not involve the termination or extermination of an infectious agent but rather monitors its spread and impact. *Disease elimination* - **Elimination** refers to the reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts. - While local transmission is stopped, the infectious agent may still exist elsewhere, meaning there is still a risk of reintroduction. *Disease control* - **Disease control** involves ongoing public health efforts to reduce the incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of an infectious disease to a locally acceptable level. - It focuses on managing and reducing the burden of disease, not necessarily eradicating the causative agent.

Practice by Chapter

Communicable Disease Control Principles

Practice Questions

Vector-Borne Diseases

Practice Questions

Water-Borne Diseases

Practice Questions

Air-Borne Diseases

Practice Questions

Zoonotic Diseases

Practice Questions

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Practice Questions

HIV/AIDS Control Program

Practice Questions

Tuberculosis Control

Practice Questions

Leprosy Elimination

Practice Questions

Emerging and Re-emerging Infections

Practice Questions

Hospital-Acquired Infections

Practice Questions

Integrated Disease Surveillance Project

Practice Questions

Want unlimited practice?

Get full access to all questions, explanations, and performance tracking.

Start For Free