Neck Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following conditions is least likely to cause bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy?

Aortic aneurysm. ***Aortic aneurysm*** - An aortic aneurysm, especially of the ascending aorta, is **less likely to cause bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy** because the left recurrent laryngeal nerve typically hooks under the aortic arch, while the right nerve hooks under the subclavian artery. - For **bilateral involvement**, two separate and simultaneous lesions affecting both nerves would be required at different anatomical locations with this etiology, making it a rare cause. *Thyroid carcinoma* - An aggressive **thyroid carcinoma** can directly invade or compress the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) due to their proximity to the thyroid gland. - If the carcinoma is extensive or multifocal, it can lead to **bilateral involvement** by affecting both nerves. *Lymphadenopathy* - Significant **cervical or mediastinal lymphadenopathy** (e.g., due to metastatic disease or lymphoma) can compress or encase both recurrent laryngeal nerves. - This proximity allows for potential **bilateral compression or damage** to the nerves as they ascend in the tracheoesophageal grooves. *Thyroid surgery* - **Thyroidectomy** is a common cause of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury due to the nerves' close anatomical relationship with the thyroid gland. - **Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy** can occur if both nerves are damaged during dissection, often due to surgical misidentification, thermal injury, or traction.

Q: Inlet of larynx is formed by:

Aryepiglottic fold. ***Aryepiglottic fold*** - The **inlet of the larynx** is the opening into the laryngeal cavity from the pharynx. - It is bordered anteriorly by the **epiglottis**, laterally by the **aryepiglottic folds**, and posteriorly by the **arytenoid cartilages** and **interarytenoid notch**. *False vocal cord* - The **false vocal cords** (ventricular folds) are located within the laryngeal cavity, inferior to the inlet. - They play a protective role but do not form the boundaries of the laryngeal inlet itself. *Folds from the base of the tongue to the epiglottis* - These folds, including the **glossoepiglottic folds**, connect the tongue to the epiglottis. - They are superior to the laryngeal inlet and are part of the oropharynx, not direct borders of the inlet. *Vocal cord* - The **true vocal cords** are responsible for voice production and are located deeper within the larynx, inferior to the false vocal cords. - They do not form any part of the laryngeal inlet.

Q: How are submandibular nodes classified?

Level I neck nodes. ***Level I neck nodes*** - Submandibular nodes, along with the **submental nodes**, are anatomically grouped as **Level I** in the regional neck lymph node classification [1]. - This classification is crucial for **staging head and neck cancers** and guiding surgical management [1], [3]. *Level II neck nodes* - Level II nodes are located in the **upper jugular region**, extending from the skull base to the caudal border of the hyoid bone, often including nodes around the **spinal accessory nerve**. - This level is distinct from the submandibular region and drains different anatomical areas. *Level III neck nodes* - Level III nodes are found in the **mid-jugular region**, from the caudal border of the hyoid bone to the caudal border of the cricoid cartilage, associated with the **internal jugular vein**. [2] - They primarily drain the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx, not the submandibular region. *Level IV neck nodes* - Level IV nodes are located in the **lower jugular region**, from the caudal border of the cricoid cartilage to the clavicle, also associated with the **internal jugular vein** [2]. - These nodes drain the lower hypopharynx, larynx, and apical lung, and are anatomically distant from the submandibular area.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a content of the occipital triangle?

Suprascapular nerve. Suprascapular nerve - The **suprascapular nerve** originates from the brachial plexus and supplies the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles; it travels through the suprascapular notch and is not found within the occipital triangle. - Its primary course and innervation are associated with the shoulder, entirely separate from the neck region defining the occipital triangle. *Great auricular nerve* - The **great auricular nerve** emerges from the cervical plexus and supplies sensory innervation to the skin over the parotid gland, mastoid process, and auricle, courses superficially across the sternocleidomastoid in the region of the occipital triangle. - It is a recognized content of the posterior triangle of the neck, which encompasses the occipital triangle. *Lesser occipital nerve* - The **lesser occipital nerve** arises from the cervical plexus at C2 and C3, providing sensory innervation to the skin of the neck and scalp posterior to the auricle. - It ascends along the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, placing it within the boundaries of the occipital triangle. *Occipital artery* - The **occipital artery** is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies blood to the posterior scalp. - It traverses the apex of the posterior triangle (including the occipital triangle) as it ascends to the back of the head.

Q: What is Galen's anastomosis?

Internal laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve. ***Internal laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve*** - **Galen's anastomosis** (also known as **ansa Galeni**) is the connection between the **internal laryngeal nerve** (a sensory branch of the superior laryngeal nerve) and the **recurrent laryngeal nerve** (motor branch of the vagus nerve). - This anastomosis occurs in the **laryngeal mucosa** and allows for communication between these two important nerves. - The **internal laryngeal nerve** provides **sensory innervation** to the larynx above the vocal cords, while the **recurrent laryngeal nerve** provides **motor innervation** to most intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid). - This anastomosis is clinically significant in understanding the complex innervation patterns of the larynx. *Recurrent laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve* - While both nerves are branches of the vagus nerve and innervate laryngeal structures, this connection does not constitute **Galen's anastomosis**. - The recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid), while the external laryngeal nerve innervates the **cricothyroid muscle** and is motor in nature. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because the correct definition of **Galen's anastomosis** is provided in the first option. *Recurrent laryngeal nerve and sympathetic trunk* - While there may be sympathetic contributions to laryngeal innervation, this does not represent **Galen's anastomosis**. - The sympathetic trunk provides autonomic innervation but the specific named anastomosis refers to the connection between the internal laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves.

Q: Which muscle is the deepest in the anterior neck region?

Longus colli. ***Longus colli*** - The **longus colli** muscle is the **deepest muscle** located in the anterior neck region, running along the front of the cervical vertebral column from C1 to T3. - It lies in the **prevertebral layer**, deep to all other anterior neck structures including the carotid sheath, visceral compartment, and superficial muscles. - Its position directly anterior to the vertebral bodies makes it the deepest anterior neck muscle. *Platysma* - The platysma is the **most superficial muscle** of the neck, located just beneath the skin in the superficial fascia. - It is not a deep muscle and lies superficial to all other neck muscles. *Sternocleidomastoid* - The sternocleidomastoid is enclosed within the **investing layer of deep cervical fascia**, making it relatively superficial. - While prominent in the anterior and lateral neck, it is not the deepest anterior neck muscle. *Trapezius* - The trapezius is a large, **superficial muscle of the back and posterior neck**. - It is not located in the anterior neck and is a superficial, not deep, muscle.

Q: What is the nerve supply of the larynx above the level of the vocal cords?

Superior laryngeal. ***Superior laryngeal*** - The **superior laryngeal nerve** branches into the internal and external laryngeal nerves. The **internal laryngeal nerve** (a branch of the superior laryngeal nerve) provides all sensory innervation to the larynx **above the vocal cords**. - It also carries **parasympathetic fibers** to the laryngeal glands in this region. *Recurrent laryngeal* - The **recurrent laryngeal nerve** provides sensory innervation to the larynx **below the vocal cords** [1]. - It also innervates all of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle [1]. *Glossopharyngeal* - The **glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)** primarily provides sensory innervation to the **posterior one-third of the tongue**, tonsils, pharynx, and middle ear. - It does not directly provide sensory innervation to the larynx. *External laryngeal nerve* - The **external laryngeal nerve**, a branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, is primarily **motor** and innervates the **cricothyroid muscle**. - It provides **no sensory innervation** to any part of the larynx.

Q: The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of which part of subclavian artery?

1st part. ***1st part*** - The **thyrocervical trunk** is one of the three primary branches arising from the **first part** of the subclavian artery. - The first part lies medial to the **anterior scalene muscle**. *2nd part* - The **second part** of the subclavian artery gives rise to the **costocervical trunk**. - This part lies posterior to the **anterior scalene muscle**. *3rd part* - The **third part** of the subclavian artery typically has no branches or may give off the **dorsal scapular artery**. - This part lies lateral to the **anterior scalene muscle**. *4th part* - This option is incorrect as the **subclavian artery has only three parts**, divided by their relationship to the anterior scalene muscle. - There is no anatomical fourth part of the subclavian artery.

Q: Which nerve primarily supplies the cervical esophagus?

Vagus. ***Vagus*** - The **vagus nerve** (cranial nerve X) provides parasympathetic innervation to the entire esophagus, including the cervical portion, through its branches. - For the **cervical esophagus** specifically, the vagus nerve supplies it via the **recurrent laryngeal nerve branches**, which provide motor innervation to the striated muscle in this region. - The vagus is considered the primary nerve because the recurrent laryngeal nerves are its direct branches, and the vagus coordinates overall esophageal function throughout its length. *Left recurrent laryngeal nerve* - The **left recurrent laryngeal nerve** is a branch of the vagus nerve that provides motor innervation to both the intrinsic muscles of the **larynx** and the **cervical esophagus**. - While it does directly supply the cervical esophagus with motor fibers, it is anatomically a branch of the vagus nerve rather than an independent primary supply. - In this context, the parent nerve (vagus) is considered the primary supply. *Right recurrent laryngeal nerve* - The **right recurrent laryngeal nerve** is also a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies both the laryngeal muscles and contributes to **cervical esophageal innervation**. - Like the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, it is a branch rather than the primary nerve source. - Both recurrent laryngeal nerves work as vagal branches to innervate the cervical esophagus. *Phrenic nerve* - The **phrenic nerve** (arising from C3-C5) primarily innervates the **diaphragm**, controlling respiration. - It does not supply the cervical esophagus and has no role in esophageal motility.

Q: Killian dehiscence is associated with which muscle?

Inferior constrictor. ***Inferior constrictor*** - Killian dehiscence (Killian's triangle) is a **triangular area of weakness** in the posterior pharyngeal wall located **between** the **thyropharyngeus** (oblique fibers) and **cricopharyngeus** (horizontal fibers) portions of the **inferior constrictor muscle**. - This is the **weakest point** in the pharyngeal wall and is the site where **Zenker's diverticulum** (pharyngoesophageal pouch) develops. - Clinically, Killian dehiscence is associated with the **inferior constrictor muscle** as it represents a natural gap within this muscle's fiber arrangement. *Superior constrictor* - Located in the **upper pharynx**, extending from the skull base to the level of the hyoid bone. - Not related to Killian dehiscence, which occurs at the **pharyngoesophageal junction** (C5-C6 level). *Middle constrictor* - Situated **between the superior and inferior constrictors**, originating from the **hyoid bone**. - Contributes to the **middle pharyngeal wall** and is not involved in Killian dehiscence formation. *Cricopharyngeus* - While cricopharyngeus is one of the **two parts** of the inferior constrictor that bounds Killian dehiscence, the dehiscence is not within cricopharyngeus itself but rather in the **gap above it**. - Acts as the **upper esophageal sphincter** and forms the inferior boundary of the dehiscence.

Question 1

Which of the following conditions is least likely to cause bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy?

Accepted Answer

Aortic aneurysm

Answer

Thyroid carcinoma

Answer

Lymphadenopathy

Answer

Thyroid surgery

Question 2

Inlet of larynx is formed by:

Accepted Answer

Aryepiglottic fold

Answer

Vocal cord

Answer

False vocal cord

Answer

Folds from the base of the tongue to the epiglottis

Question 3

How are submandibular nodes classified?

Accepted Answer

Level I neck nodes

Answer

Level III neck nodes

Answer

Level IV neck nodes

Answer

Level II neck nodes

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a content of the occipital triangle?

Accepted Answer

Suprascapular nerve

Answer

Lesser occipital nerve

Answer

Occipital artery

Answer

Great auricular nerve

Question 5

What is Galen's anastomosis?

Accepted Answer

Internal laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer

Recurrent laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve

Answer

None of the options

Answer

Recurrent laryngeal nerve and sympathetic trunk

Question 6

Which muscle is the deepest in the anterior neck region?

Accepted Answer

Longus colli

Answer

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer

Platysma

Answer

Trapezius

Question 7

What is the nerve supply of the larynx above the level of the vocal cords?

Accepted Answer

Superior laryngeal

Answer

Recurrent laryngeal

Answer

Glossopharyngeal

Answer

External laryngeal nerve

Question 8

The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of which part of subclavian artery?

Accepted Answer

1st part

Answer

2nd part

Answer

3rd part

Answer

4th part

Question 9

Which nerve primarily supplies the cervical esophagus?

Accepted Answer

Vagus

Answer

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer

Phrenic nerve

Question 10

Killian dehiscence is associated with which muscle?

Accepted Answer

Inferior constrictor

Answer

Superior constrictor

Answer

Middle constrictor

Answer

Cricopharyngeus

Neck — MCQs

Neck — MCQs

On this page

Practice by Chapter

Want unlimited practice?