NEET-PG 2024 Practice Questions

Q: Impaired gag reflex is seen due to a lesion in which cranial nerves?

CN IX & X. ***Correct: CN IX & X*** The **gag reflex (pharyngeal reflex)** is a protective reflex involving two cranial nerves: - **Afferent limb**: **CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)** provides sensory innervation to the posterior third of the tongue, oropharynx, and pharyngeal walls - **Efferent limb**: **CN X (Vagus nerve)** provides motor innervation to the pharyngeal muscles (via the pharyngeal plexus) that contract during the reflex **Clinical correlation**: Testing the gag reflex helps assess brainstem function and the integrity of CN IX and X. Impairment suggests lesions affecting these nerves or their nuclei in the medulla. *Incorrect: CN V & VI* - CN V (Trigeminal) provides facial sensation and motor to muscles of mastication, not involved in gag reflex - CN VI (Abducens) controls lateral rectus muscle for eye abduction *Incorrect: CN X & XI* - While CN X is involved, CN XI (Accessory nerve) innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, not pharyngeal muscles *Incorrect: CN VII & VIII* - CN VII (Facial) controls facial expression and taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue - CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear) is involved in hearing and balance, not the gag reflex *Incorrect: CN XI & XII* - CN XI (Accessory) innervates SCM and trapezius - CN XII (Hypoglossal) provides motor to intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, not pharyngeal muscles involved in gag reflex

Q: Ptosis in Horner syndrome is due to the involvement of which muscle?

Müller muscle. ***Müller muscle*** - **Ptosis** in **Horner syndrome** results from the paralysis of the **smooth muscle fibers** of the Müller muscle (also known as the superior tarsal muscle), which is innervated by the **sympathetic nervous system**. - This muscle contributes a small amount to upper eyelid elevation, and its denervation causes a **mild unilateral ptosis**. *Levator aponeurosis* - The **levator aponeurosis** is involved in eyelid elevation but is primarily innervated by the **oculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve)**, not the sympathetic system. - Damage to the oculomotor nerve or the aponeurosis itself would cause a more **severe ptosis** than seen in Horner syndrome. *Horner's muscle* - **Horner's muscle**, also known as the **lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi muscle**, is involved in the drainage of tears, not eyelid elevation. - It does not play a role in the ptosis associated with **Horner syndrome**. *Orbicularis oculi* - The **orbicularis oculi muscle** is responsible for **eyelid closure** and is innervated by the **facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)**. - Its dysfunction would lead to difficulty closing the eye, not ptosis or an inability to open it.

Q: A patient with chronic nasal obstruction underwent a procedure 3 months ago and now presents with recurrent epistaxis, crusting, and the clinical image showing a septal perforation. What procedure was most likely carried out?

Submucosal resection (SMR). ***Submucosal resection (SMR)*** - **SMR** involves removing cartilage or bone from the nasal septum while preserving the septal mucosa. If both mucosal flaps are inadvertently damaged or devitalized during the procedure, it can lead to a **septal perforation** as a complication. - The symptoms of **recurrent epistaxis** and **crusting** are classic signs associated with compromised septal integrity and airflow changes due to a septal perforation, which commonly occurs weeks to months after such a procedure. *FESS (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery)* - **FESS** is primarily used to treat chronic sinusitis by opening and ventilating the sinuses; it does not directly involve the nasal septum in a way that typically causes perforation. - While complications are possible, a septal perforation is not a common or direct consequence of FESS, which focuses on ethmoid, maxillary, frontal, or sphenoid sinus drainage pathways. *Caldwell-Luc's procedure* - The **Caldwell-Luc procedure** involves an incision above the canine fossa to access the maxillary sinus. - It is specifically aimed at the maxillary sinus and does not involve surgical manipulation of the nasal septum that would lead to a septal perforation. *Turbinate reduction surgery* - **Turbinate reduction** procedures target the inferior turbinates to improve nasal airflow by reducing their size. - These procedures do not involve the nasal septum itself, so a septal perforation would not be a direct or common complication.

Q: A 14-year-old child with a history of recurrent nasal bleeding has the endoscopic view provided. What is the investigation of choice?

CECT (Contrast-Enhanced CT). ***CECT (Contrast-Enhanced CT)*** - Given the history of recurrent nasal bleeding in an adolescent male suggestive of a **juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA)**, CECT is the investigation of choice to delineate the tumor's extent, vascularity, and involvement of surrounding structures. - CECT provides crucial information for surgical planning and assessing intracranial extension due to the highly vascular nature of JNAs. *Biopsy* - Biopsy of a suspected angiofibroma is generally **contraindicated** due to the high risk of severe and uncontrolled hemorrhage because the tumor is highly vascular and lacks a true capsule. - The diagnosis of JNA is usually made based on clinical presentation and imaging findings. *X-ray* - **X-rays** (like plain radiographs of the sinuses) offer limited soft tissue detail and are **insufficient** to accurately visualize the extent or vascularity of a nasopharyngeal mass. - They may show some bony erosion but cannot provide the detailed information needed for diagnosis or surgical planning of a JNA. *FESS (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery)* - **FESS** is a **surgical procedure** used for treating chronic sinusitis and other sinonasal conditions, not primarily an investigative tool for a suspected tumor like JNA. - While endoscopy is used for initial visualization, **surgery** is a treatment, and detailed imaging must precede it to understand tumor boundaries.

Q: Identify the marked structure in the given image.

Coil. ***Coil*** - The marked structure appears to be a **cochlear implant's internal coil**, which is common in X-ray imaging of these devices. - The **cochlear implant internal coil** is crucial for transmitting processed sound signals via electromagnetic induction to the electrode array within the cochlea. *Electrode* - An **electrode array** is typically a thin, flexible wire with multiple contacts inserted into the cochlea, which is not what the arrow is pointing to directly. - While electrodes are part of a cochlear implant, the marked structure's shape and position are more consistent with the **internal coil** that connects to the electrode array. *Magnet* - A **magnet** is present in a cochlear implant system, typically in both the external processor and internal receiver, to hold these two components together through the skin. - Magnets usually appear as dense, circular structures in X-rays, often seen more anteriorly or superiorly to the coil for external component alignment. *Processor* - The **processor** for a cochlear implant is an external device worn behind the ear, not an implanted component visible on an X-ray. It processes sound and sends it to the internal coil. - The structures seen in the X-ray are **implanted components** of the cochlear implant, not the external sound processor.

Q: Which sinus drainage is impaired in the following image?

Maxillary. ***Maxillary*** - The image shows **arrows pointing to the maxillary sinuses** with visible **opacification and fluid accumulation**, indicating **impaired drainage**. - Maxillary sinuses drain through the **ostiomeatal complex** into the middle meatus; obstruction leads to mucus retention and sinusitis. *Ethmoid* - The **ethmoid air cells** located between the eyes, medial to the orbits, do not show significant **opacification** or drainage impairment. - These complex honeycomb-like structures appear **relatively clear** without evidence of fluid accumulation. *Sphenoid* - The **sphenoid sinuses** located deeper in the skull, behind the ethmoid sinuses, are **not prominently affected** in this image. - No significant **opacification** or mucosal thickening visible to suggest impaired drainage. *Frontal* - The **frontal sinuses** located above the eyebrows appear **relatively clear** without significant opacification or drainage impairment. - These sinuses drain through the **frontonasal duct** and do not show evidence of fluid retention in this image.

Q: A female patient's pure tone audiometry (PTA) findings show the presence of a Carhart's notch. Which of the following specific clinical signs can be seen in this patient?

Schwartz sign. ***Schwartz sign*** - A **Carhart's notch** (bone conduction dip at 2000 Hz) is a characteristic finding in **otosclerosis**, a condition where the stapes bone becomes fixed. - The **Schwartz sign** (reddish/pinkish hue behind the tympanic membrane) indicates **active otosclerosis** with increased vascularity in the promontory. - This is a **specific clinical sign** directly associated with otosclerosis and would be the expected finding on otoscopy. *Hitselberger sign* - The **Hitselberger sign** refers to **hypesthesia** (numbness or decreased sensation) in the **posterior external auditory canal wall**. - It is associated with **acoustic neuromas** (vestibular schwannomas) due to compression of the facial nerve, not otosclerosis. *Hennebert sign* - The **Hennebert sign** involves **nystagmus or vertigo** induced by changes in external ear canal pressure (fistula test). - It is typically seen in conditions causing a **perilymphatic fistula**, such as **Meniere's disease** or **syphilitic labyrinthitis**, not otosclerosis. *Rinne test negative (conductive hearing loss)* - While otosclerosis does cause **conductive hearing loss** with a negative Rinne test (bone conduction > air conduction), this is a **general audiometric finding**, not a specific clinical sign. - A negative Rinne test can occur in **any cause of conductive hearing loss** (chronic otitis media, ossicular discontinuity, cholesteatoma, etc.). - The question asks for a **specific clinical sign**, making the **Schwartz sign** the most appropriate answer as it specifically indicates otosclerosis.

Q: Identify the visual field defect shown in the image.

Bitemporal hemianopia. ***Bitemporal hemianopia*** - The image shows loss of vision in the **temporal (outer) halves of both visual fields**, which is characteristic of bitemporal hemianopia. - This defect typically results from a lesion at the **optic chiasm**, compressing the crossing nasal retinal fibers, often due to a **pituitary tumor**. *Binasal hemianopia* - This condition involves visual loss in the **nasal (inner) halves of both visual fields**, which is the opposite of what is depicted. - It is a rare defect that can be caused by lesions affecting the **uncrossed temporal retinal fibers** on both sides, such as from bilateral carotid artery aneurysms. *Homonymous hemianopia* - A homonymous hemianopia involves the **same half of the visual field in both eyes** (e.g., right visual field loss in both eyes), resulting from a lesion posterior to the optic chiasm. - The image clearly shows different halves affected in each eye (temporal fields), not the same half. *Altitudinal defect* - An altitudinal defect involves the **loss of vision in the upper or lower half of the visual field** in one or both eyes, respecting the horizontal midline. - The visual field loss shown in the image is vertical, affecting the temporal halves, not the upper or lower halves.

Q: A patient presented with gradual loss in night vision and peripheral vision. Based on the fundoscopic image provided, what is the most likely diagnosis?

Retinitis pigmentosa. ***Retinitis pigmentosa*** - The fundoscopic image exhibits **bone spicule-like pigment deposits** in the periphery, **attenuation of retinal vessels**, and a **waxy pallor of the optic disc**, which are characteristic signs of retinitis pigmentosa. The clinical presentation of gradual loss in **night vision (nyctalopia)** and **peripheral vision** (tunnel vision) is classic for this inherited retinal dystrophy, as it primarily affects the **rod photoreceptors** first. *Retinal hemorrhage* - Retinal hemorrhages appear as **red blotches or streaks** on the fundus and are usually associated with conditions like **hypertension**, **diabetes**, or **retinal vein occlusion**. This image does not show acute red hemorrhages, but rather **dark, aggregated pigment**, and the symptoms do not align with sudden vision changes often seen in acute hemorrhages. *Fundus albipunctatus* - This condition is characterized by numerous **small, discrete, white or yellowish dots** scattered throughout the retina, usually sparing the macula. While it can cause night blindness, the fundoscopic image here shows **bone spicule pigmentation** and **vascular attenuation**, not the widespread white dots typical of fundus albipunctatus. *Fundus flavimaculatus* - This refers to Stargardt disease or fundus flavimaculatus, which presents with **yellowish flecks** (pisiform or fish-tail shaped) scattered in the posterior pole and mid-periphery, along with **macular degeneration**. The image does not show these distinct yellow flecks or evident macular changes, and the pigmentary changes are more consistent with retinitis pigmentosa.

Question 1

Impaired gag reflex is seen due to a lesion in which cranial nerves?

Accepted Answer

CN IX & X

Answer

CN V&VI

Answer

CN X & XI

Answer

CN VII & VIII

Answer

CN XI & XII

Question 2

Ptosis in Horner syndrome is due to the involvement of which muscle?

Accepted Answer

Müller muscle

Answer

Levator aponeurosis

Answer

Horner's muscle

Answer

Orbicularis oculi

Question 3

A patient with chronic nasal obstruction underwent a procedure 3 months ago and now presents with recurrent epistaxis, crusting, and the clinical image showing a septal perforation. What procedure was most likely carried out?

Accepted Answer

Submucosal resection (SMR)

Answer

FESS (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery)

Answer

Caldwell-Luc's procedure

Answer

Turbinate reduction surgery

Question 4

A 14-year-old child with a history of recurrent nasal bleeding has the endoscopic view provided. What is the investigation of choice?

Accepted Answer

CECT (Contrast-Enhanced CT)

Answer

Biopsy

Answer

X-ray

Answer

FESS (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery)

Question 5

Identify the marked structure in the given image.

Accepted Answer

Coil

Answer

Electrode

Answer

Magnet

Answer

Processor

Question 6

Which sinus drainage is impaired in the following image?

Accepted Answer

Maxillary

Answer

Ethmoid

Answer

Sphenoid

Answer

Frontal

Question 7

A female patient's pure tone audiometry (PTA) findings show the presence of a Carhart's notch. Which of the following specific clinical signs can be seen in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Schwartz sign

Answer

Hitselberger sign

Answer

Hennebert sign

Answer

Rinne test negative (conductive hearing loss)

Question 8

Identify the visual field defect shown in the image.

Accepted Answer

Bitemporal hemianopia

Answer

Binasal hemianopia

Answer

Homonymous hemianopia

Answer

Altitudinal defect

Question 9

A patient presented with gradual loss in night vision and peripheral vision. Based on the fundoscopic image provided, what is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Retinitis pigmentosa

Answer

Retinal hemorrhage

Answer

Fundus albipunctatus

Answer

Fundus flavimaculatus

Question 10

Which of the following procedures would be difficult to perform based on the given Chest X-ray?

Accepted Answer

Tracheostomy

Answer

Laryngeal mask airway insertion

Answer

Ryle's tube insertion

Answer

Intubation

NEET-PG 2024

Anatomy

ENT

Ophthalmology

Surgery