NEET-PG 2014 Practice Questions

Q: FeCl3 test is used in detection of:

Phenol. ***Phenol*** - The ferric chloride (FeCl3) test is used to detect the presence of **phenolic hydroxyl groups** in a compound. - Phenols react with iron(III) ions to form distinctive **colored complexes** (often violet, blue, or green), indicating their presence. *Alcohol* - Alcohols typically do not react with **ferric chloride** to produce a color change. - While some alcohols can be oxidized, the FeCl3 test is not a standard diagnostic tool for alcohols. *Acetic acid* - **Carboxylic acids** like acetic acid do not react with ferric chloride in a way that produces a characteristic color change for identification. - Other tests are used to identify carboxylic acids, such as their **acidity** or reaction with bicarbonates. *Hydrochloric acid* - Hydrochloric acid is a **strong inorganic acid** and does not contain phenolic groups. - It does not react with **ferric chloride** to give a color change that would be used for its diagnosis or identification in this context.

Q: Scorpion venom resembles venom of -

Cobra. ***Cobra*** - Both scorpion venom and cobra venom contain **neurotoxins** that affect the nervous system, making this the closest resemblance among the given options. - Scorpion venom contains neurotoxins that act on **sodium and potassium channels**, causing neuromuscular effects, though it also produces unique **autonomic effects** (both cholinergic and adrenergic) not typical of cobra venom. - Cobra venom primarily contains **postsynaptic neurotoxins** that block acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing flaccid paralysis and respiratory depression. - Among the options, cobra represents the best match due to the shared **neurotoxic** component. *Viper* - Viper venom is predominantly **hemotoxic and cytotoxic**, causing local tissue damage, bleeding, and coagulation abnormalities. - Contains enzymes like **phospholipase A2** and metalloproteases that cause vasculotoxicity and anticoagulation - completely different from scorpion venom's mechanism. *Krait* - While krait venom is also **neurotoxic**, it primarily acts at **presynaptic terminals** causing irreversible neuromuscular blockade. - The mechanism differs from scorpion venom, which acts primarily on ion channels and produces prominent autonomic manifestations not seen with krait envenomation. *All of the options* - This is incorrect because viper venom's **hemotoxic effects** are fundamentally different from scorpion venom's **neurotoxic effects**. - While both cobra and krait share neurotoxicity with scorpion venom, the closest resemblance is with **cobra** among the given options.

Q: Causing miscarriage is punishable under which IPC:

Sec 312 IPC. ***Sec 312 IPC*** - This section of the Indian Penal Code specifically deals with **causing miscarriage** and outlines the penalties for such acts. - It differentiates between miscarriage caused with or without the **woman's consent**, and also considers if the act is performed in **good faith** to save the woman's life. *Sec 320 IPC* - This section defines "grievous hurt," which includes severe injuries leading to permanent disability or life-threatening conditions. - While miscarriage can be a severe outcome, **Sec 320** focuses on the nature of the injury to the person rather than the specific act of causing miscarriage. *Sec 311 IPC* - This section pertains to **causing miscarriage of a child quick with child** without the consent of the woman and without good faith to save her life. - It carries a harsher punishment than Sec 312 because it involves a fetus that is considered more developed and near viability. *Sec 314 IPC* - This section deals with the **death caused by an act done with intent to cause miscarriage**. - It applies when a person commits an act to cause miscarriage, and as a result, the woman dies, even if the intent was not to cause her death.

Q: Sections 312 to 316 deal with:

Causing miscarriage. ***Causing miscarriage*** - Sections 312 to 316 of the **Indian Penal Code (IPC)** specifically deal with offenses related to causing **miscarriage** and injuries to unborn children. - These sections define acts like voluntarily causing a woman with child to miscarry, causing the death of a quick unborn child by an act amounting to culpable homicide, and causing grievous hurt to a child in the womb. *Kidnapping and abduction* - These offenses are covered under **Sections 359 to 374** of the IPC. - **Kidnapping** involves taking someone without consent from lawful guardianship, while **abduction** involves compelling a person to go from one place to another by force or deceit. *Abetment to suicide* - This offense is addressed under **Section 306** of the IPC. - It deals with the act of instigating, encouraging, or assisting someone to commit **suicide**. *Causing grievous hurt* - The definition and punishment for **causing grievous hurt** are found in **Sections 320 to 326B** of the IPC. - **Grievous hurt** is a specific type of serious injury, such as emasculation, permanent privation of the sight of either eye, or fracture or dislocation of a bone.

Q: Which snake's venom is most likely to cause paralysis accompanied by convulsions?

Krait. ***Krait*** - Krait venom is primarily **neurotoxic**, leading to **flaccid paralysis** due to presynaptic blockage of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. - While paralysis is the hallmark, some krait species' venom components can also cause central nervous system effects, potentially leading to **convulsions** in severe envenomation. *Vipers* - Viper venoms are predominantly **hemotoxic**, causing **coagulopathy**, tissue necrosis, and acute kidney injury. - They do not typically cause paralysis or convulsions, though some may have minor neurotoxic components. *Sea snakes* - Sea snake venoms are potent **neurotoxins** that cause **muscle paralysis** by blocking acetylcholine receptors. - However, they are less commonly associated with convulsions compared to some krait envenomations. *Cobra* - Cobra venom is also mainly **neurotoxic**, leading to **flaccid paralysis** and respiratory failure. - Unlike krait venom, cobra venom is less frequently associated with convulsions, with paralysis being the dominant neurological symptom.

Q: Non-consensual sodomy is punishable under:

Sec. 377 IPC. ***Sec. 377 IPC*** - **Historically correct answer**: At the time of NEET 2014, **Section 377 IPC** was commonly cited for non-consensual sodomy, as it criminalized "carnal intercourse against the order of nature." - **Important legal update**: The **Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013** expanded the definition of rape under **Section 375 IPC** to include all forms of non-consensual penetrative sexual assault (vaginal, oral, urethral, or anal penetration), effectively bringing non-consensual sodomy under the rape provisions. - **Current position**: While the Supreme Court in **Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)** decriminalized consensual homosexual acts, **non-consensual sodomy remains punishable** under **Sections 375/376 IPC** (as rape) and potentially under Section 377 for specific contexts. - For this historical PYQ, Section 377 was the accepted answer, though modern prosecutions typically use Section 376. *Sec. 375 IPC* - **Section 375 IPC** defines **rape**, and post-2013 amendment, it explicitly includes non-consensual anal penetration (sodomy). - The expanded definition covers penetration "to any extent" of vagina, urethra, anus, or mouth, or any object insertion. - This makes it the primary section for prosecuting non-consensual sodomy in current practice. *Sec. 376 IPC* - **Section 376 IPC** provides the **punishment for rape** as defined under Section 375. - Post-2013, this section is frequently used to punish non-consensual sodomy cases. - Punishment ranges from 7 years to life imprisonment depending on circumstances. *Sec. 354 IPC* - **Section 354 IPC** addresses **assault or criminal force with intent to outrage modesty** of a woman. - This is a lesser offense involving inappropriate touching or gestures, not penetrative sexual assault. - Not applicable to non-consensual sodomy cases.

Q: All are true regarding muscular changes after death, except:

Rigor mortis involves involuntary muscles. ***Rigor mortis involves involuntary muscles*** - This statement is **false** because **rigor mortis primarily affects voluntary (skeletal) muscles**, not involuntary muscles like those of the heart or intestines. - The stiffness experienced during rigor mortis is due to the irreversible cross-linking of actin and myosin in skeletal muscle fibers. *Rigor mortis begins 1-2 hours after death* - This statement is **true** as rigor mortis typically begins in the smaller muscles (e.g., face, fingers) around **1-2 hours after death**. - It then progresses to larger muscle groups, reaching its peak stiffness generally within 8-12 hours post-mortem. *Cadaveric spasm involves voluntary muscles* - This statement is **true**. **Cadaveric spasm** (or instantaneous rigor) is a rare phenomenon affecting **voluntary muscles** at the moment of death. - It often occurs in circumstances of extreme emotional stress or violent death and can fix the body in a specific position, like holding a weapon. *Rigor mortis is absent in infants* - This statement is **true**. Rigor mortis is usually **less pronounced or even absent in infants** due to their smaller muscle mass and lower glycogen stores. - While it can occur, it may be fleeting and less noticeable compared to adults.

Q: What is the active ingredient of the marking nut (Semecarpus anacardium)?

Semecarpol. ***Semecarpol*** - **Semecarpol** is a **phenolic compound** derived from the fruit of the marking nut tree (*Semecarpus anacardium*), which is responsible for its toxic and medicinal properties. - It causes **irritation**, **blistering**, and **allergic contact dermatitis** upon contact with skin. *Ricin* - **Ricin** is a **toxic protein** found in castor beans (*Ricinus communis*), not the marking nut. - It is a **potent ribosome-inactivating protein** that can be lethal if ingested, inhaled, or injected. *Croton* - **Croton** refers to a genus of plants (*Croton*) from which various compounds, including **phorbol esters**, can be extracted. - These compounds are potent **tumor promoters** and vesicants, but they are not the active ingredient of the marking nut. *Abrin* - **Abrin** is a **highly toxic protein** found in the seeds of the jequirity bean (*Abrus precatorius*), which is distinct from the marking nut. - Like ricin, abrin is a **ribosome-inactivating protein** and is extremely toxic upon exposure.

Question 1

FeCl3 test is used in detection of:

Accepted Answer

Phenol

Answer

Alcohol

Answer

Acetic acid

Answer

Hydrochloric acid

Question 2

Scorpion venom resembles venom of -

Accepted Answer

Cobra

Answer

Viper

Answer

Krait

Answer

All of the options

Question 3

Causing miscarriage is punishable under which IPC:

Accepted Answer

Sec 312 IPC

Answer

Sec 320 IPC

Answer

Sec 311 IPC

Answer

Sec 314 IPC

Question 4

Sections 312 to 316 deal with:

Accepted Answer

Causing miscarriage

Answer

Kidnapping and abduction

Answer

Abetment to suicide

Answer

Causing grievous hurt

Question 5

Which snake's venom is most likely to cause paralysis accompanied by convulsions?

Accepted Answer

Krait

Answer

Vipers

Answer

Sea snakes

Answer

Cobra

Question 6

Non-consensual sodomy is punishable under:

Accepted Answer

Sec. 377 IPC

Answer

Sec. 375 IPC

Answer

Sec. 376 IPC

Answer

Sec. 354 IPC

Question 7

All are true regarding muscular changes after death, except:

Accepted Answer

Rigor mortis involves involuntary muscles

Answer

Rigor mortis begins 1-2 hours after death

Answer

Cadaveric spasm involves voluntary muscles

Answer

Rigor mortis is absent in infants

Question 8

What is the active ingredient of the marking nut (Semecarpus anacardium)?

Accepted Answer

Semecarpol

Answer

Ricin

Answer

Croton

Answer

Abrin

NEET-PG 2014

Biochemistry

Forensic Medicine