Biochemistry
1 questionsIn which of the following conditions is a Barr body absent in females?
NEET-PG 2012 - Biochemistry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 901: In which of the following conditions is a Barr body absent in females?
- A. 46 XX genome
- B. 45 X0 genome (Correct Answer)
- C. 47 XXX
- D. None of the options
Explanation: ***45 X0 genome*** - A Barr body is a **condensed, inactivated X chromosome** found in somatic cells of females with at least two X chromosomes. - Individuals with a **45 X0 genome** (Turner Syndrome) have only one X chromosome, therefore no Barr body is formed. *46 XX genome* - Individuals with a **46 XX genome** are typical females and will have one Barr body per somatic cell, as one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated. - This is the normal female karyotype. *47 XXX* - Individuals with a **47 XXX genome** (triple X syndrome) have two Barr bodies per somatic cell, as two of their three X chromosomes are inactivated. - The number of Barr bodies is typically one less than the number of X chromosomes. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because the 45 X0 genome indeed leads to the absence of a Barr body in females. - There is a specific condition listed among the options where a Barr body is absent.
Internal Medicine
1 questionsWhich of the following statements about Sickle Cell Anemia is FALSE?
NEET-PG 2012 - Internal Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 901: Which of the following statements about Sickle Cell Anemia is FALSE?
- A. There is a positive correlation between HBS and polymerization of HBS (Correct Answer)
- B. Recurrent infections is the most common cause of death
- C. Patients require frequent blood transfusions
- D. Patients usually present before the age of 6 months
Explanation: ***There is a positive correlation between HBS and polymerization of HBS*** - This statement is false because the polymerization of **hemoglobin S (HbS)** is reduced as HbS levels decrease and is increased as HbS levels increase. Therefore, there is a **direct correlation**, not a positive one, where higher levels of HbS lead to more polymerization and sickling. - The disease is caused by the **polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S**, which distorts red blood cells into a sickle shape, leading to vaso-occlusion and hemolysis [1]. *Recurrent infections is the most common cause of death* - **Recurrent infections** are indeed a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell anemia patients, particularly in children due to **functional asplenia**. [1] - **Splenic dysfunction** impairs the ability to clear encapsulated bacteria, increasing the risk of severe infections like **pneumonia** and **meningitis**. *Patients require frequent blood transfusions* - **Frequent blood transfusions** are a common treatment strategy for sickle cell anemia to manage complications such as severe anemia, acute chest syndrome, and stroke prevention [1]. - **Chronic transfusion therapy** helps to suppress abnormal sickle cell production and dilute existing sickle cells, thereby reducing vaso-occlusive crises. *Patients usually present before the age of 6 months* - Patients with sickle cell anemia typically become symptomatic after 6 months of age, when **fetal hemoglobin (HbF)** levels decline. - **HbF protects** against sickling, so symptoms like **dactylitis** and **splenic sequestration** usually manifest once HbF is replaced by HbS [1].
Microbiology
1 questionsMost common bacterial cause of acute parotitis -
NEET-PG 2012 - Microbiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 901: Most common bacterial cause of acute parotitis -
- A. Staphylococcus Aureus (Correct Answer)
- B. Klebsiella
- C. Streptococcus Viridans
- D. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Explanation: ***Staphylococcus Aureus*** - **_Staphylococcus aureus_** is the most frequent bacterial pathogen isolated in cases of **acute bacterial parotitis**. [2] - It often causes ascending infection from the oral cavity, leading to inflammation and suppuration of the parotid gland. [1] *Streptococcus Pneumonia* - While **_Streptococcus pneumoniae_** can cause various infections, it is not the primary cause of acute bacterial parotitis. - Its infections more commonly manifest as **pneumonia**, otitis media, or meningitis. *Klebsiella* - **_Klebsiella_** species are typically associated with **nosocomial infections**, particularly urinary tract infections and pneumonia. - They are a relatively uncommon cause of acute parotitis compared to _S. aureus_. *Streptococcus Viridans* - **_Streptococcus viridans_** group bacteria are common commensal organisms of the oral cavity and are often implicated in **dental caries** and **endocarditis**. - They are not a usual cause of acute bacterial parotitis.
Obstetrics and Gynecology
1 questionsWhat is thelarche?
NEET-PG 2012 - Obstetrics and Gynecology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 901: What is thelarche?
- A. Breast development in boys during puberty
- B. Breast enlargement during pregnancy
- C. Breast enlargement due to hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women
- D. Hormone-related breast development in girls (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Hormone-related breast enlargement in girls*** - **Thelarche** specifically refers to the first sign of puberty in girls, which is the **onset of breast development**. - This development is primarily driven by the action of **estrogen** on breast tissue. *Breast development in boys during puberty* - This condition is known as **gynecomastia**, which is distinguishable from thelarche observed in girls. - While also hormone-related, **gynecomastia** often involves an imbalance between estrogen and androgens. *Breast enlargement during pregnancy* - Breast enlargement during pregnancy is a normal physiological change in preparation for lactation, driven by a surge in various hormones like **estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin**. - It is distinct from the initial, puberty-related breast development in girls. *Breast enlargement due to hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women* - This is an induced effect of **exogenous hormones** (e.g., hormone replacement therapy) and not a natural developmental stage like thelarche. - It is a side effect of medication, not the start of puberty.
Ophthalmology
1 questionsWhat is a potential ocular complication caused by alkali exposure?
NEET-PG 2012 - Ophthalmology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 901: What is a potential ocular complication caused by alkali exposure?
- A. Symblepharon (Correct Answer)
- B. Papilloedema
- C. Optic neuritis
- D. Retinal detachment
Explanation: ***Symblepharon*** - **Symblepharon** is the **adhesion of the palpebral conjunctiva to the bulbar conjunctiva**. It is a common long-term complication of severe alkali burns to the eye, reflecting significant tissue damage and cicatrization. - Alkali causes **liquefactive necrosis**, deeply penetrating ocular tissues and leading to extensive inflammation, scarring, and subsequent adhesion formation due to the destruction of the conjunctival surface. *Papilloedema* - **Papilloedema** refers to **optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure**, not a direct result of ocular surface trauma or chemical exposure. - While systemic conditions can cause papilloedema, it is unrelated to the local effects of an **alkali burn**. *Optic neuritis* - **Optic neuritis** is an **inflammation of the optic nerve**, often associated with demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis. - It results in **vision loss** and pain with eye movement but is not a complication of external ocular chemical burns. *Retinal detachment* - **Retinal detachment** occurs when the **retina separates from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium**, leading to significant vision loss. - This condition is typically caused by trauma, vitreous traction, or retinal tears, and is not a direct consequence of an **alkali burn to the anterior segment of the eye**.
Pediatrics
3 questionsA child presents with recurrent pulmonary infections and hemoptysis due to associated bronchiectasis. Imaging shows unilateral loss of lung volume with hyperlucency on chest radiograph and reduced vascularity on CT scan of the chest. The abdominal organs are normally placed. What is the most likely cause?
The recommended ambient temperature for NICU is
Maximum concentration of dextrose that can be given through peripheral vascular line in neonate?
NEET-PG 2012 - Pediatrics NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 901: A child presents with recurrent pulmonary infections and hemoptysis due to associated bronchiectasis. Imaging shows unilateral loss of lung volume with hyperlucency on chest radiograph and reduced vascularity on CT scan of the chest. The abdominal organs are normally placed. What is the most likely cause?
- A. Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome (Correct Answer)
- B. Immotile cilia syndrome
- C. Kartagener syndrome
- D. Mendelson syndrome
Explanation: ***Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome*** - This syndrome presents with **unilateral hyperlucent lung**, reduced vascularity, and bronchiectasis, often following a severe childhood respiratory infection, leading to air trapping and recurrent infections. - The imaging findings of **unilateral loss of lung volume**, hyperlucency, and reduced vascularity are classic for Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome, which is also known as unilateral emphysema. *Immotile cilia syndrome* - This is a broader term that encompasses conditions like Kartagener syndrome, characterized by ciliary dysfunction leading to **recurrent sinopulmonary infections**; however, it does not typically present with unilateral hyperlucent lung or reduced vascularity. - While it causes bronchiectasis, the specific imaging findings described (unilateral hyperlucency) are not characteristic of isolated immotile cilia syndrome. *Kartagener syndrome* - This is a subgroup of primary ciliary dyskinesia that includes the classic triad of **situs inversus**, bronchiectasis, and sinusitis. The patient in the prompt has normally placed abdominal organs, ruling out situs inversus. - Although it involves recurrent pulmonary infections and bronchiectasis, the presence of **normally placed abdominal organs** and unilateral hyperlucency on imaging makes Kartagener syndrome less likely. *Mendelson syndrome* - This refers to **chemical pneumonitis** caused by the aspiration of gastric contents, typically during anesthesia or in patients with impaired consciousness. - It presents acutely with respiratory distress, hypoxemia, and diffuse infiltrates on imaging, which is inconsistent with the chronic presentation of recurrent infections and unilateral hyperlucency described.
Question 902: The recommended ambient temperature for NICU is
- A. 20-22° C
- B. 22-26° C (Correct Answer)
- C. 26-30° C
- D. 30-35° C
Explanation: ***22-26° C*** - Maintaining an ambient temperature of **22-26°C** in the NICU is crucial for preventing **cold stress** in neonates. - This temperature range helps to maintain the baby's **core body temperature**, reducing metabolic demands and ensuring optimal thermal regulation. *20-22° C* - While this might be a comfortable room temperature for adults, it is generally **too cold** for newborns in the NICU. - Temperatures below the recommended range can lead to significant **cold stress**, increasing oxygen consumption and metabolic rate in vulnerable infants. *26-30° C* - This temperature range is generally **too warm** for a NICU environment. - Excessive warmth can lead to **hyperthermia** and sweating, which increases fluid loss and can be detrimental to a neonate's health. *30-35°C* - This temperature is **dangerously high** for neonates in the NICU. - Such high temperatures would significantly increase the risk of **hyperthermia, dehydration**, and other severe complications, compromising the infant's well-being.
Question 903: Maximum concentration of dextrose that can be given through peripheral vascular line in neonate?
- A. 5%
- B. 10%
- C. 12.5% (Correct Answer)
- D. 25%
Explanation: ***12.5%*** - A maximum dextrose concentration of **12.5%** can typically be administered safely via a **peripheral intravenous line** in neonates. - Higher concentrations risk causing **osmotic damage** to the peripheral vein, leading to **phlebitis** and **thrombosis**. *5%* - While safe, a **5% dextrose** solution may not provide adequate caloric support for many neonates, especially those requiring significant nutritional intake. - It is used for basic hydration and to prevent hypoglycemia but often needs supplementation or higher concentrations for sustained feeding. *10%* - A **10% dextrose** solution is commonly used in neonates via peripheral lines, but concentrations up to 12.5% are generally considered the safe upper limit for extended use. - Exceeding 10% can increase the risk of phlebitis, although it is less severe than with 25%. *25%* - A **25% dextrose** concentration is highly hypertonic and should **never be administered through a peripheral line** in neonates due to the high risk of severe **phlebitis**, **vein damage**, and even **tissue necrosis** if extravasation occurs. - Such high concentrations require a **central venous catheter**.
Pharmacology
1 questionsWhich drug is used as a treatment for sickle cell anemia by promoting fetal hemoglobin production?
NEET-PG 2012 - Pharmacology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 901: Which drug is used as a treatment for sickle cell anemia by promoting fetal hemoglobin production?
- A. Trypsin
- B. Hydroxyurea (Correct Answer)
- C. L-glutamine
- D. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Explanation: ***Hydroxyurea*** - **Hydroxyurea** is the primary drug used to treat sickle cell anemia by promoting **fetal hemoglobin (HbF)** production - It is a **ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor** that increases HbF levels, which reduces sickling of red blood cells - Clinical benefits include reduced frequency of **vaso-occlusive crises**, decreased need for transfusions, and improved survival - Mechanism: Increases **HbF** production, which dilutes the abnormal **HbS** and prevents polymerization *Trypsin* - **Trypsin** is a **proteolytic enzyme** involved in protein digestion in the gastrointestinal tract - It has no role in the treatment of **sickle cell anemia** or in promoting **fetal hemoglobin** production *L-glutamine* - **L-glutamine** is an **amino acid** (not a drug that promotes HbF) approved for sickle cell disease - Its mechanism involves reducing **oxidative stress** by increasing NAD+ levels and improving red blood cell energy metabolism - It reduces complications but does not primarily work by increasing **fetal hemoglobin** production *Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase* - **G6PD** is an **enzyme** in the **pentose phosphate pathway**, not a therapeutic agent - **G6PD deficiency** causes hemolytic anemia but is unrelated to sickle cell disease treatment or fetal hemoglobin production
Surgery
1 questionsThe term 'raspberry tumor' is most commonly associated with which of the following conditions?
NEET-PG 2012 - Surgery NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 901: The term 'raspberry tumor' is most commonly associated with which of the following conditions?
- A. Umbilical fistula
- B. Meckel’s diverticulum
- C. Umbilical granuloma (Correct Answer)
- D. Umbilical adenoma
Explanation: ***Umbilical granuloma*** - An **umbilical granuloma** is a common condition in newborns, presenting as a soft, red, moist growth at the umbilicus after the umbilical cord detaches. - Its characteristic appearance, resembling a small red berry, has led to the descriptive term "**raspberry tumor**." *Umbilical fistula* - An **umbilical fistula** is an abnormal connection that can occur between the intestine or bladder and the umbilicus, leading to the discharge of stool or urine from the umbilicus. - It does not present as a fleshy, raspberry-like growth, but rather as an opening with discharge. *Meckel’s diverticulum* - **Meckel's diverticulum** is a remnant of the **vitelline duct**, typically found on the anti-mesenteric border of the ileum, and is a congenital anomaly of the small intestine. - It is an internal structure and does not manifest externally at the umbilicus as a "raspberry tumor." *Umbilical adenoma* - An **umbilical adenoma** is a rare tumor of the umbilicus, often a remnant of the **vitelline duct** or **urachus**, which can present as a reddish mass. - While it can be a reddish mass, the specific term "raspberry tumor" is not commonly associated with umbilical adenoma but rather with umbilical granuloma due to its very distinct granular appearance.