Biochemistry
1 questionsEffect of environment on genes is called?
NEET-PG 2012 - Biochemistry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 461: Effect of environment on genes is called?
- A. Euthenics
- B. Positive Eugenics
- C. Negative Eugenics
- D. Epigenetics (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Epigenetics*** - **Epigenetics** refers to heritable changes in **gene expression** that do not involve alterations to the underlying **DNA sequence**. - These changes are often influenced by **environmental factors**, such as diet, stress, and exposure to toxins, which can affect how genes are turned on or off. *Positive Eugenics* - **Positive eugenics** aims to improve the human population by encouraging the reproduction of individuals deemed to have "desirable" traits. - This concept is ethically controversial and focuses on directed breeding rather than environmental gene influence. *Negative Eugenics* - **Negative eugenics** aims to reduce the prevalence of "undesirable" traits in the human population by discouraging or preventing the reproduction of individuals deemed to possess them. - Like positive eugenics, this is a highly controversial concept focused on limiting reproduction based on perceived genetic quality. *Euthenics* - **Euthenics** is a movement focused on improving human well-being and development by improving living conditions and the environment. - While it acknowledges the impact of the environment, it focuses on societal and lifestyle improvements rather than the direct molecular changes in gene expression.
Community Medicine
3 questionsWhich occupational exposure may cause sterility in females ?
The study of human diseases and their impact on society is known as?
Which agency monitors air quality in India?
NEET-PG 2012 - Community Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 461: Which occupational exposure may cause sterility in females ?
- A. Lead
- B. Carbon monoxide
- C. Mercury
- D. Agricultural insecticides (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Agricultural insecticides*** - Exposure to **organochlorine** and **organophosphate** insecticides can have significant **reproductive toxicity** in females, leading to **infertility** or **sterility**. - These chemicals can disrupt **hormonal balance**, interfere with **ovarian function**, cause **menstrual irregularities**, and lead to **developmental toxicity** in offspring. - Well-documented occupational hazard in agricultural workers with chronic exposure. *Lead* - Lead is a well-established **reproductive toxicant** affecting **both males and females**. - In females, lead causes **menstrual irregularities**, **ovarian dysfunction**, **reduced fertility**, **spontaneous abortions**, and can contribute to sterility. - It disrupts the **hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis** and has direct **gonadotoxic effects**. - While agricultural insecticides are more specifically associated with female sterility in occupational contexts, lead is also a significant reproductive hazard. *Carbon monoxide* - Carbon monoxide poisoning primarily causes **hypoxia** by binding to hemoglobin, forming **carboxyhemoglobin**. - It does not directly cause **sterility** in females; its main reproductive concern relates to **fetal hypoxia** and adverse pregnancy outcomes during exposure. *Mercury* - Mercury exposure, particularly **methylmercury**, is a known **neurotoxin** and can cause **developmental abnormalities**. - While it can affect pregnancy outcomes and cause **menstrual disorders** at high exposures, it is not typically cited as a primary occupational cause of **female sterility** compared to agricultural insecticides.
Question 462: The study of human diseases and their impact on society is known as?
- A. Public health
- B. Epidemiology (Correct Answer)
- C. Health sociology
- D. Medical anthropology
Explanation: ***Epidemiology*** - **Epidemiology** is defined as the study of the distribution, determinants, patterns, and frequency of health and disease conditions in defined populations, including their **impact on society**. - It is the fundamental science of **public health** that specifically studies how diseases affect populations and society through systematic investigation using statistical and analytical methods. - Epidemiological studies directly examine disease burden, mortality, morbidity, and societal impact, making it the most precise answer for studying diseases and their societal consequences. - Key epidemiological measures (incidence, prevalence, DALYs) quantify the **societal impact** of diseases. *Public health* - **Public health** is the broader applied field that uses epidemiological findings to implement programs, policies, and interventions. - While public health addresses disease impact, it is primarily an **action-oriented discipline** focused on prevention and health promotion, not just the study of diseases. - Public health encompasses multiple disciplines including epidemiology, health education, environmental health, and health policy. *Health sociology* - **Health sociology** (or medical sociology) examines social factors, behaviors, and structures that influence health outcomes and healthcare access. - It focuses on social determinants, health inequalities, and illness behavior from a **sociological perspective**, rather than the scientific study of disease distribution and patterns. *Medical anthropology* - **Medical anthropology** studies health, illness, and healing through a **cultural and ethnographic lens**. - It examines how different cultures understand disease, healing practices, and medical systems, rather than studying disease patterns and their population-level impact.
Question 463: Which agency monitors air quality in India?
- A. None of the above
- B. Central pollution control board (Correct Answer)
- C. Central air quality board
- D. Central public works dept
Explanation: ***Central pollution control board*** - The **Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)** is responsible for setting standards and monitoring air quality across India. - It works under the **Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)**. *Central air quality board* - There is **no specific agency** or board named "Central Air Quality Board" in India. - Air quality monitoring falls under the broader mandate of pollution control. *Central public works dept* - The **Central Public Works Department (CPWD)** is primarily involved in the construction and maintenance of government buildings and infrastructure. - It does **not have a mandate** for environmental monitoring like air quality. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because the **Central Pollution Control Board** is the correct agency responsible for air quality monitoring. - There is a specific statutory organization fulfilling this role.
Dermatology
1 questionsWhich of the following statements is true regarding donovanosis?
NEET-PG 2012 - Dermatology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 461: Which of the following statements is true regarding donovanosis?
- A. Pseudolymphadenopathy is characteristic
- B. Penicillin is used for treatment
- C. Painful ulcer is characteristic
- D. Painless ulcerative lesions are characteristic of donovanosis (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Painless ulcerative lesions are characteristic of donovanosis*** - Donovanosis, also known as granuloma inguinale, is characterized by **painless, progressive ulcerative lesions** that can bleed easily. - The lesions typically start as papules or nodules and then erode to form **granulomatous ulcers** with a beefy red appearance. - This is a key distinguishing feature from chancroid (painful ulcers) and primary syphilis. *Pseudolymphadenopathy is characteristic* - While donovanosis can lead to swelling in the inguinal region, it's typically **pseudobuboes** (subcutaneous granulomas) rather than true lymphadenopathy. - However, this is not a defining characteristic, as pseudobuboes are less common and occur in advanced cases. - The primary feature remains the **painless ulcerative lesions**. *Penicillin is used for treatment* - **Penicillin** is not the standard treatment for donovanosis; it is ineffective against *Klebsiella granulomatis*. - The recommended treatment involves **macrolides** (e.g., azithromycin) or **tetracyclines** (e.g., doxycycline) for at least 3 weeks or until lesions heal. - Alternative regimens include **cotrimoxazole** or **fluoroquinolones**. *Painful ulcer is characteristic* - Donovanosis ulcers are typically **painless**, which distinguishes them from other genital ulcers like those seen in herpes or chancroid. - The **lack of pain** often contributes to delayed presentation and progression of the disease.
Ophthalmology
2 questionsWhat is the most common cause of intermittent proptosis in adults?
Most common orbital tumor has its origin from?
NEET-PG 2012 - Ophthalmology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 461: What is the most common cause of intermittent proptosis in adults?
- A. Orbital varix (Correct Answer)
- B. Thyroid ophthalmopathy
- C. Neuroblastoma
- D. Retinoblastoma
Explanation: ***Orbital varix*** - An **orbital varix** is essentially a varicose vein within the orbit, which can cause intermittent proptosis. - Proptosis in an orbital varix is often exacerbated by activities that increase venous pressure, such as **Valsalva maneuvers**, crying, or bending over. *Thyroid ophthalmopathy* - This condition is characterized by **persistent proptosis**, lid retraction, and ophthalmoplegia, rather than intermittent symptoms. - While it can cause proptosis, it typically presents as **constant and progressive** rather than intermittent proptosis that varies with head position or straining. *Neuroblastoma* - This is a **malignant tumor** that primarily affects infants and young children, not typically adults. - Orbital metastasis from neuroblastoma would cause **progressive, constant proptosis** rather than intermittent proptosis. *Retinoblastoma* - **Retinoblastoma** is a malignant tumor of the retina that primarily affects young children, typically under the age of 5. - While it can cause proptosis in advanced stages, it presents as **constant and progressive proptosis** due to tumor growth, not intermittent proptosis.
Question 462: Most common orbital tumor has its origin from?
- A. Blood vessels (Correct Answer)
- B. Nerves
- C. Muscle
- D. Lymph node
Explanation: ***Blood vessels*** - The most common orbital tumor in childhood is a **capillary hemangioma**, which originates from blood vessels. - In adults, the most common primary orbital tumor is an orbital varix, also a **vascular lesion**. *Nerves* - Tumors of neural origin, such as **optic nerve gliomas** or **meningiomas**, are less common than vascular tumors. - While significant, they do not represent the *most* common overall origin for orbital tumors. *Muscle* - Tumors originating from muscle, such as **rhabdomyosarcoma** in children (a malignant tumor), are relatively rare. - **Pseudotumor** (idiopathic orbital inflammation), though common, is an inflammatory condition, not a true neoplasm of muscle origin. *Lymph node* - Tumors of lymphoid origin, such as **lymphomas**, are malignant and can occur in the orbit. - However, they are not the most common primary orbital tumor compared to those of vascular origin.
Pharmacology
2 questionsWhat is the standard amount of diphtheria toxoid in the DT vaccine?
Which type of vaccine is used for chicken pox?
NEET-PG 2012 - Pharmacology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 461: What is the standard amount of diphtheria toxoid in the DT vaccine?
- A. 5 Lf
- B. 10 Lf
- C. 15 Lf
- D. 30 Lf (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***30 Lf*** - The **DT vaccine** (pediatric diphtheria-tetanus vaccine) contains **30 Lf** of **diphtheria toxoid** per dose according to traditional formulations, along with tetanus toxoid. - This higher diphtheria toxoid content is standardized for vaccines administered to children younger than 7 years. - Note: Modern vaccine standards often express potency in **International Units (IU)** where ≥30 IU corresponds to approximately 15-25 Lf, though 30 Lf was the traditional specification. *5 Lf* - This reduced amount of diphtheria toxoid is present in adult formulations like **Tdap vaccine** and **Td vaccine** (typically 2-5 Lf). - The lower diphtheria toxoid content in adult vaccines is sufficient to maintain immunity in individuals with pre-existing immunity from childhood vaccination. *10 Lf* - This amount of diphtheria toxoid is not a standard specification for DT, Td, or Tdap vaccines. - Standard diphtheria toxoid amounts are typically 15-30 Lf for pediatric formulations (DT/DTP) and 2-5 Lf for adult formulations (Td, Tdap). *15 Lf* - While approximately 15 Lf may correspond to the minimum potency when measured in International Units (≥30 IU), the traditional standard specification for DT vaccine is **30 Lf**. - Vaccine formulations are precisely standardized to ensure optimal immunogenicity and safety.
Question 462: Which type of vaccine is used for chicken pox?
- A. Live vaccine (Correct Answer)
- B. Killed vaccine
- C. Conjugated vaccine
- D. Toxoid vaccine
Explanation: ***Live vaccine*** - The chickenpox vaccine (Varicella vaccine) is a **live-attenuated vaccine**, meaning it contains a weakened form of the **Varicella-zoster virus** (Oka strain). - This weakened virus can still replicate in the body, stimulating a strong and long-lasting immune response similar to natural infection but without causing severe disease. *Killed vaccine* - **Killed (inactivated) vaccines** use viruses or bacteria that have been inactivated through heat or chemicals, making them unable to replicate. - While effective for some diseases (e.g., inactivated polio, influenza), they typically require **multiple doses** and might provide less durable immunity compared to live vaccines. *Conjugated vaccine* - **Conjugated vaccines** are designed to improve the immune response to polysaccharide antigens (e.g., bacterial capsules) by linking them to a carrier protein. - This technology is primarily used for **bacterial infections** like *Haemophilus influenzae* type b (Hib) or pneumococcal disease, not viral illnesses like chickenpox. *Toxoid vaccine* - **Toxoid vaccines** contain inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids) rather than the whole organism. - Examples include **tetanus and diphtheria vaccines**, which protect against diseases caused by bacterial toxins, not viral infections like chickenpox.
Psychiatry
1 questionsIn the context of understanding patient behavior and therapeutic relationships, what is the definition of social psychology?
NEET-PG 2012 - Psychiatry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 461: In the context of understanding patient behavior and therapeutic relationships, what is the definition of social psychology?
- A. The study of human relationships and behavior in social contexts
- B. The examination of cultural influences on behavior
- C. A field that does not exist
- D. The study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***The study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations*** - **Social psychology** focuses on understanding how individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. - This field examines topics like **social perception**, **attitude formation**, and **interpersonal relationships**, which are crucial for understanding therapeutic interactions. *The study of human relationships and behavior in social contexts* - While this option is close, it is a broader and less precise definition. Social psychology specifically focuses on the **individual's psychological processes** within social contexts. - This definition could also encompass fields like **sociology**, which studies groups and societies rather than the individual experience. *The examination of cultural influences on behavior* - This describes **cultural psychology** or **cross-cultural psychology**, which explicitly investigates the impact of culture on psychological processes. - While culture is a social context, social psychology's scope is broader, encompassing all forms of social influence, not just cultural ones. *A field that does not exist* - This statement is incorrect; **social psychology is a well-established and active field** within psychology. - It has a rich history and continues to contribute significantly to our understanding of human behavior and interactions.