NEET-PG 2012 Practice Questions

Q: The inducing agent of choice in shock -

Ketamine. **Ketamine** * **Ketamine** is preferred in shock due to its sympathomimetic properties, which maintain or increase blood pressure and heart rate, thus preserving **cardiovascular stability**. * It also has minimal respiratory depression and bronchodilatory effects, making it safer for patients with compromised respiratory function. * The cardiovascular stimulating effects of ketamine helps maintain haemodynamic stability in shocked patients. It maintains cerebral autoregulation and perfusion of vital organs. *Isoflurane* * **Isoflurane** is an inhaled anesthetic that typically causes **dose-dependent myocardial depression** and **vasodilation**, which can worsen hypotension in a shock state. * It can significantly decrease systemic vascular resistance, thereby exacerbating the already compromised cardiovascular status of a shock patient. *Desflurane* * **Desflurane** is an inhaled anesthetic known for its rapid onset and offset but can cause a **significant increase in heart rate and blood pressure** upon rapid concentration changes, which may be detrimental in an unstable patient. * Like isoflurane, it also causes dose-dependent peripheral vasodilation and myocardial depression, which can worsen hypotension in patients in shock. *Thiopentone* * **Thiopentone** is a barbiturate that causes significant **myocardial depression** and **peripheral vasodilation**, leading to a substantial drop in blood pressure. * Its use in shock would further compromise cardiovascular stability and is generally contraindicated due to its potent hemodynamic depressant effects.

Q: The arthropod vector BEST KNOWN for transovarian transmission of multiple pathogens is -

Ticks. ***Ticks*** - Ticks are well-known for their diverse modes of pathogen transmission, including **transovarian transmission**, where pathogens are passed from an infected female tick to her offspring through the eggs. - This mechanism is crucial for the maintenance and spread of several tick-borne diseases, such as **Rocky Mountain spotted fever (caused by *Rickettsia rickettsii*)** and **Babesiosis** (caused by *Babesia* species). *Fleas* - Fleas are primarily known for transmitting pathogens such as *Yersinia pestis* (causing **plague**) and *Rickettsia typhi* (causing **murine typhus**) through their bites, but transovarian transmission is not their primary mode. - They typically transmit pathogens through **regurgitation** during feeding or by their **feces** being rubbed into the bite wound. *Sandfly* - Sandflies are vectors for diseases like **leishmaniasis**, caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus *Leishmania*. - They transmit these pathogens through **saliva** during blood meals, but transovarian transmission is not a significant feature of their lifecycle. *Mosquitoes* - Mosquitoes are vectors for a wide range of diseases, including **malaria**, **dengue**, **Zika**, and **West Nile virus**, primarily through the **injection of saliva** during blood feeding. - While some arboviruses can exhibit transovarian transmission in mosquitoes, it is not as prominent or broadly impactful across multiple pathogens as it is in ticks.

Q: The population norm for a trained health aide is:

1000. ***1000*** - According to public health guidelines, a single **trained health aide** is typically designated to serve a population of approximately **1,000 individuals**. - This staffing level allows for effective outreach, basic health services, and community engagement in primary healthcare. *5000* - A population of **5,000** would generally require multiple health aides or a more comprehensive primary health unit with a larger staff. - This ratio is too high for a single health aide to provide adequate care and coverage. *100000* - A population of **100,000** is far too large for a single trained health aide to manage, requiring an extensive healthcare system with numerous professionals. - This number represents a district or sub-district level population, not the responsibility of one aide. *30000* - Serving **30,000** people would be an impossible task for one health aide, as it far exceeds the standard allocation for community-level health services. - This population size usually necessitates a full-fledged primary health center or hospital.

Q: The primary indication for enucleation in pediatric patients is:

Retinoblastoma. ***Retinoblastoma*** - **Retinoblastoma** is a malignant tumor of the retina commonly seen in children, and **enucleation** (surgical removal of the eye) is frequently the primary treatment to prevent tumor spread and save the child's life. - The decision for enucleation is based on the tumor's size, location, and potential for dissemination, especially when other globe-sparing therapies are not feasible or fail. *Panophthalmitis* - **Panophthalmitis** is a severe infection involving all coats of the eye and orbital tissues, which can be managed with aggressive antibiotic therapy. - While enucleation might be a last resort in cases of uncontrolled infection and severe pain, it is not the primary indication, especially in pediatric patients where globe salvage is often attempted first. *Acute congestive glaucoma* - **Acute congestive glaucoma** involves a sudden, severe increase in intraocular pressure, causing pain and vision loss, but it is primarily managed with medical and surgical interventions to lower pressure. - Enucleation is not a standard treatment for acute glaucoma unless the eye is blind, painful, and unresponsive to all other treatments, and it is rarely the primary indication in children. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **retinoblastoma** is a well-established and common primary indication for enucleation in pediatric patients due to its life-threatening nature.

Q: Which section of the Indian Penal Code deals with sexual intercourse by a public servant with a woman in his custody?

376B. ***376B*** - This section specifically addresses **sexual intercourse by a public servant** with a woman who is in his **custody**, or in the custody of a public authority or institution subordinate to him. - It prescribes **rigorous imprisonment for a term of 5 to 10 years and fine** for such acts, recognizing the **power imbalance** and breach of trust involved when a public servant exploits their position. - The law recognizes that consent is vitiated when there is a position of authority and custody involved. *376A* - This section deals with **punishment for causing death or persistent vegetative state of the victim** during commission of rape or gang rape. - It prescribes **rigorous imprisonment for a term not less than 20 years** which may extend to life imprisonment or death penalty. - This is distinct from the custody-based offense in 376B. *375A* - There is **no such section** as 375A in the Indian Penal Code. - Section 375 defines rape and its circumstances, but it does not have a subsection 375A. *375B* - There is **no such section** as 375B in the Indian Penal Code. - Section 375 defines rape and its circumstances, but it does not have a subsection 375B.

Q: Exanthema subitum is caused by -

HHV. ***HHV*** - **Exanthema subitum**, also known as **roseola infantum**, is most commonly caused by **Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)** and sometimes **Human Herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)**. - It is characterized by high fever followed by a **maculopapular rash** once the fever subsides. *HIV* - **Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)** causes **Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)**, leading to a weakened immune system. - While HIV can cause various skin manifestations, **exanthema subitum** is not one of its primary or characteristic presentations. *HCV* - **Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)** primarily causes **hepatitis**, infecting the liver and potentially leading to chronic liver disease. - HCV is not known to cause **exanthema subitum** or similar childhood exanthems. *HPV* - **Human Papillomavirus (HPV)** is responsible for **warts** and certain **cancers**, particularly cervical cancer. - HPV does not cause **exanthema subitum**; its manifestations are typically localized to skin and mucous membranes as proliferative lesions.

Q: A child with fever with abdominal cramps & pus in stools, causative organism is ?

EAEC. ***EAEC (Enteroaggregative E. coli)*** - Among the E. coli strains listed, EAEC is the answer for this question, though **this is an atypical presentation**. - EAEC classically causes **persistent watery diarrhea** (>14 days) in children, often with **low-grade fever** and **abdominal pain**. - While EAEC primarily causes non-bloody diarrhea, it can occasionally produce **mucoid stools** with inflammatory cells due to mucosal inflammation from biofilm formation. - **Note:** The classic organism for fever + cramps + pus in stools would be **Shigella**, **Campylobacter**, or **EIEC (Enteroinvasive E. coli)** - not listed here. *EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli)* - EHEC (O157:H7) causes **hemorrhagic colitis** with bloody diarrhea due to **Shiga toxins**. - Can lead to **hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)** in children. - Characterized by **blood** rather than pus in stools, distinguishing it from typical dysentery. *ETEC (Enterotoxigenic E. coli)* - Most common cause of **traveler's diarrhea** and watery diarrhea in developing countries. - Produces **heat-labile (LT)** and **heat-stable (ST)** enterotoxins causing secretory diarrhea. - Results in profuse **watery stools without inflammation, blood, or pus**. *EPEC (Enteropathogenic E. coli)* - Leading cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries. - Causes **attaching and effacing** lesions on intestinal mucosa. - Results in **watery diarrhea without significant inflammatory cells or pus** in stools.

Q: Which of the following cannot be treated by laparoscopy?

Genital prolapse. ***Genital prolapse*** - Among the options listed, **genital prolapse** is the condition LEAST suited for complete laparoscopic management, particularly in the context of this examination question. - While **laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy** and **sacral hysteropexy** exist for vault prolapse and uterine prolapse respectively, these procedures were less established at the time of this exam (2012) and require advanced laparoscopic skills. - Most cases of **genital prolapse**, especially complete pelvic organ prolapse, traditionally require **vaginal surgical approaches** or **open abdominal procedures** for comprehensive repair of multiple compartment defects. - The complex anatomical reconstruction needed for severe prolapse (anterior, posterior, and apical compartments) is more challenging via laparoscopy compared to the other listed conditions. *Non descent of uterus* - **Non-descent vaginal hysterectomy** can be performed with **laparoscopic assistance (LAVH/LDVH)** or as **total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH)**. - Laparoscopy facilitates dissection of uterine attachments, ligation of vessels, and removal of the uterus with minimal morbidity. *Ectopic pregnancy* - **Ectopic pregnancy** is a standard indication for laparoscopic surgery, performed routinely worldwide. - Procedures include **laparoscopic salpingectomy** (removal of affected tube) or **salpingostomy** (conservative surgery preserving the tube). - Offers advantages of minimal invasiveness, reduced recovery time, and excellent visualization. *Sterilization* - **Laparoscopic tubal sterilization** is one of the most common laparoscopic procedures performed. - Methods include application of **Filshie clips, Falope rings**, or **electrocautery** to occlude fallopian tubes. - Gold standard for permanent contraception with minimal morbidity.

Q: The longest half life is that of:

Uranium. ***Uranium*** - **Uranium-238**, a common isotope, has an incredibly long half-life of approximately **4.468 billion years**, which is comparable to the age of the Earth. - This extremely long half-life is due to its slow **alpha decay**, making it a very stable radioactive element. *Radon* - **Radon-222** has a relatively short half-life of about **3.8 days**. - Its short half-life makes it a significant indoor air pollutant as it rapidly decays into other radioactive isotopes. *Cesium* - **Cesium-137**, a product of nuclear fission, has a half-life of approximately **30 years**. - While longer than radon, its half-life is much shorter compared to uranium, meaning it decays significantly faster. *Radium* - **Radium-226**, a decay product of uranium, has a half-life of approximately **1,600 years**. - Although much longer than radon and cesium, it is still orders of magnitude shorter than the half-life of uranium-238.

Question 1

The inducing agent of choice in shock -

Accepted Answer

Ketamine

Answer

Isoflurane

Answer

Desflurane

Answer

Thiopentone

Question 2

The arthropod vector BEST KNOWN for transovarian transmission of multiple pathogens is -

Accepted Answer

Ticks

Answer

Fleas

Answer

Sandfly

Answer

Mosquitoes

Question 3

The population norm for a trained health aide is:

Accepted Answer

1000

Answer

5000

Answer

100000

Answer

30000

Question 4

The primary indication for enucleation in pediatric patients is:

Accepted Answer

Retinoblastoma

Answer

Panophthalmitis

Answer

Acute congestive glaucoma

Answer

None of the options

Question 5

Which section of the Indian Penal Code deals with sexual intercourse by a public servant with a woman in his custody?

Accepted Answer

376B

Answer

376A

Answer

375A

Answer

375B

Question 6

In forensic examination of gunshot wounds, which of the following is NOT typically found in contact wounds from shotgun discharge?

Accepted Answer

Beveling of bone at exit wound

Answer

Stippling pattern around entry wound

Answer

Powder burns on skin surface

Answer

Muzzle imprint on contact wound

Question 7

Exanthema subitum is caused by -

Accepted Answer

HHV

Answer

HIV

Answer

HCV

Answer

HPV

Question 8

A child with fever with abdominal cramps & pus in stools, causative organism is ?

Accepted Answer

EAEC

Answer

EHEC

Answer

ETEC

Answer

EPEC

Question 9

Which of the following cannot be treated by laparoscopy?

Accepted Answer

Genital prolapse

Answer

Non descent of uterus

Answer

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer

Sterilization

Question 10

The longest half life is that of:

Accepted Answer

Uranium

Answer

Radon

Answer

Cesium

Answer

Radium

NEET-PG 2012

Anesthesiology

Community Medicine

Dental

Forensic Medicine

Microbiology

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Radiology