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The thick ascending limb, distal tubule, and cortical/outer medullary collecting ducts are _____ to urea (permeable or impermeable)
What is the effect of prerenal azotemia on GFR? _____
The kidneys receive approximately _____% of the cardiac output
Na+-glucose and Na+-amino acid cotransport create a lumen-_____ potential difference across cells of the early PCT
Is kidney function in horseshoe kidney normal or abnormal? _____
The external urethral sphincter predominantly expresses _____ receptors.
What is the effect of increased serum PO43- on PTH secretion?_____
K+ is absorbed in the _____ intestine via passive diffusion
Is it possible for monozygotic twins to have two different biological sexes?_____
The [TF/P]urea ratio _____ over the course of the PCT
Renal blood flow distribution
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Proximal tubule reabsorption
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Loop of Henle function
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Distal tubule and collecting duct function
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Concentration and dilution of urine
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Countercurrent multiplication system
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Sodium handling along the nephron
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Potassium balance and regulation
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Calcium and phosphate handling
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Magnesium handling
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Water balance and osmoregulation
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Diuretic mechanisms of action
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Integrated nephron function
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