Cardiovascular US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Cardiovascular with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Cardiovascular Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 151: What type of nerve fibers sense sharp pain & cold in the lateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
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Answer: III and A-delta
Extra:
Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=8]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 152: Does a vasectomy change the volume of ejaculate substantially?
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Answer: No
Extra:
https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: _____ cells function as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems
Answer: Dendritic
Extra:
Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=4]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 154: Does loss of the lacrimation reflex prevent formation of emotional tears?
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Answer: No
Extra:
Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=15]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 155: Does the adrenal medulla have postganglionic sympathetic fibers?
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Answer: No
Extra:
Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]
Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=10]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Sympathetic innervation of the adrenal medulla
Innervation (left) and synaptic signaling of chromaffin cells (right) in the adrenal medulla.
1 and 2: Preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the thoracic spine directly innervate the chromaffin cells, which are neuroendocrine cells similar in structure to sympathetic neurons.
3. An action potential opens a voltage-gated calcium channel.
4. The increased calcium ion concentration within the synaptic cell triggers the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from vesicles into the synaptic cleft.
5. The nicotinic ACh receptors on the chromaffin cells are ligand-gated ion channels. The influx of sodium ions triggers depolarization of the cell, which leads to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels.
6. The increased calcium ion concentration within the chromaffin cell triggers the secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine from the secretory granules into the bloodstream. Approx. 80% of chromaffin cells produce epinephrine, while only 20% produce norepinephrine.
7. The predominant serum catecholamine is norepinephrine (80%). This increase in serum norepinephrine occurs because norepinephrine is also secreted as a neurotransmitter by the postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic trunk, while epinephrine is produced almost exclusively by the adrenal gland.
Flashcard 156: Which electrolyte disturbances cause arrhythmias and muscle weakness?
_____
Answer: Low and high K+
Extra: Hypokalemia (low K+) also commonly presents with muscle cramps and spasms.
Watch Potassium Disorders: https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders
Watch associated Bootcamp video: https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=4
OnlineMedEd: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire
Flashcard 157: Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B-cell maturation?
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Answer: Bone marrow
Extra:
Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=2]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki
Atlas:
Flashcard 158: In general, leukotrienes cause _____ vascular permeability
Answer: increased
Extra:
https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 159: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for attenuating the inflammatory response?
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Answer: IL-10
Extra:
Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 160: Myeloid stem cells may differentiate into _____, which mature into granulocytes
Answer: myeloblasts
Extra:
Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/blood-and-blood-formation?index=19]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Keywords: Cardiovascular flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
