Lipid metabolism — Flashcards

Flashcard 251: Anorexia = _____cholesterolemia

Answer: Hyper

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Flashcard 252: _____ Cholesterol or _____ bile salts = ↑ risk of gallstones

Answer: ↑

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Flashcard 253: Characteristics of _____: Hepatosplenomegaly Pancytopenia Bone pain/fractures Failure to thrive and delayed puberty

Answer: Gaucher disease

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Flashcard 254: What is the normal range of Triglycerides, serum?

Answer: From 35 to 160 mg/dL

Flashcard 255: What is the normal range of Cholesterol, serum (Recommendation)?

Answer: From 0 to 200 mg/dL

Flashcard 256: 72 y/o woman found lying on the floor in her home for the past 2 days. -She felt and unjured her right hip, was unable to get up and call for help. -She did not drink anything during that time. -Physical exam: dehydration, right hip tenderness. -Labs: serum glucose 72 mg/dL & positive urine ketones. -Radiographs: righ femoral neck fracture. -Increased activity of what enzymes is most likely contributing to both the serum & urine lab findings?

Answer: Hormone-sensitive lipase because of starvation for 2 days. lipids start breaking down to fatty acids and gycerol. -Glycerol will turn to glucose (via gluconeogenesis). -Fatty acids will turn to ketone bodies, exit in urine.

Flashcard 257: What are the followings in relation to very long chain fatty acids oxidation? -Mitochondria -Rough endoplasmic reticulum -Proteasomes -Lysosomes -Peroxisomes -Golgi Apparatus

Answer: Mitochondria: Doesn't metabolize very long chain of fatty acids. -Rough endoplasmic reticulum: site of sythesis of proteins -Peroxisomes: site of synthesis of complex fatty acids, very long chain fatty acids. -Lysosomes: organelles to destroy/degrading fatty acids, proteins, & nucleic acids. -Proteasomes: Also use for degradation. -Golgi Apparatus: Send out proteins to the rest of the body by vesicular transport.

Flashcard 258: What are the followings in relation to Carnitine deficiency? -Acetoacetate -Arachidonic acid -Glutathione -Homocysteine -Lactate -Palmitate

Answer: Acetoacetate: (Ketone body) will be deficient in carnitine deficiency because fatty acid will not be able to transport into mitochondria to break down fatty acid into ketone bodies. -Arachidonic acid: are synthesize of membrane phospholipid. Won't be affected. -Glutathione: Important antioxidant. Can synthesize from amino acid (glutamate , cysteine, & glycine) not fatty acids. Plays role in DNA synthesis and repair. It won't be affected. -Homocysteine: Synthesize from amino acid (methionine). Won't be affected. Need to synthesize to amino acid cysteine (via B6) or back to methionine (via B12) to prevent homocysteinuria. -Lactate: is produced from pyruvate under anaerobic conditions. Won't be affected by carnitine defiency. -Palmitate: Fatty acid that is synthesize from carbs in the cytoplasm. Won't be affected by carnitine deficiency because it doesn't need to be transported to the mitochondria.

Flashcard 259: A 12 y/o girl is involved in a motor vehicle accident. -Abdominal CT is negative -She's incidentally found to have an abormal intra-abdominal mass. -Biopsy of mass reveals ectopic tissue. -On microscopy, these cells have a highly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum. -These cells most likely receive stimulation from which of the following agents? a. Parathyroid hormone b. Progesterone c. ACTH d. Aldosterone e. Dopamine

Answer: ACTH because they stimulate steroids hormones, which contain a well-developed smooth Endoplasmin reticulum. (cholesterol & fat) a.) PTH: increased calcium, they do not regulate lipids or cholesterol synthesis. b.) Progesterone: is a steroid hormones. It prepares endometrium for conception & helps maintain new pregnancy. But it will not regulate fat and cholesterol synthesis even tough it contains Smooth ER. d.) They have effect on Na & K regulation not lipids & cholesterol regulation.

Flashcard 260: What are the followings defects in relation to hyperlipoproteinemias -ApoC-2 production -Cholesterol esterification in the blood -Chylomicron remnant uptake by liver cells -LDL particle uptake by hepatocytes -Lipoprotein lipase activity

Answer: ApoC-2 Production: Familial chylomicronemia syndrome. Present with acute pancreatitis & eruptive xanthomas. -Cholesterol esterification in the blood: LCAT (Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase). will present with low HDL & high free cholesterol in blood. -Chylomicron remnant uptake by liver cells: Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia. Premature atherosclerosis & palmar xanthomas. Defect in ApoE protein. -LDL particle uptake by hepatocytes: Familial hypercholesterolemia. Premature atherosclerosis with tendon xanthelasma. Defect in LDL receptor. - Lipoprotein lipase activity: Familial chylomicronemia syndrome. High chylomicrons. Present with acute pancreatitis with eruptive xanthomas. Defect in lipoprotein lipase & ApoC-2.