General Surgery — Flashcards

Flashcard 431: Vision loss from _____ diabetic retinopathy may result from complications (macular oedema, vitreous haemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, neovascular glaucoma)

Answer: proliferative

Flashcard 432: The reversal agent of apixaban is _____

Answer: andexanet alfa (Andexxa)

Flashcard 433: _____ diabetic retinopathy has a hallmark feature of neovascularisation on retinal imaging

Answer: Proliferative

Flashcard 434: Dabigatran is a direct factor _____ inhibitor

Answer: IIa (thrombin)

Flashcard 435: Screening for diabetic retinopathy: - T1DM: _____ - T2DM: At diagnosis, then annually from age 12

Answer: Annual screening from age 12

Extra: In the UK (NHS), screening is offered to all patients with diabetes aged 12 and over. Note that T2DM patients require screening at diagnosis as they may have had the disease for years, whereas T1DM typically starts screening 5 years after diagnosis or at puberty/age 12.

Flashcard 436: What is the management of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy? _____

Answer: - tighter glucose control - control of cardiovascular risk factors

Flashcard 437: The reversal agent of edoxaban is _____

Answer: Andexanet alfa

Extra: Edoxaban is a direct Factor Xa inhibitor. While initial trials focused on rivaroxaban and apixaban, Andexanet alfa (a decoy receptor) is now the standard reversal agent for edoxaban-associated life-threatening bleeding. For Dabigatran (Direct Thrombin Inhibitor), the reversal agent is Idarucizumab.

Flashcard 438: A diabetic patient with reduced ↓ visual acuity → suspect _____

Answer: diabetic macular oedema

Flashcard 439: What is the management for proliferative diabetic retinopathy? 1st-line: _____ alternative: anti-VEGF therapy

Answer: photocoagulation

Flashcard 440: Patients taking DOACs undergoing surgery with a low-risk of bleeding should stop taking the DOAC roughly _____ prior to surgery

Answer: 1 day